ショウガッコウ デ オコナワレル セイキョウイク ノ ゲンジョウ ト カダイ / ガイブコウシ ノ セイキョウイク ニ タイスル キョウショクイン ノ アンケート カラノ コウサツ

近年、児童生徒を取り巻く性に関する問題が急増する中で、学校における性教育への期待は大きい。効果的な性教育の充実を目指して授業形態の工夫や配慮がなされる中で、専門的知見を取り入れるために外部講師による性教育が行われている。これまで「行き過ぎた性教育」による問題や、「外部講師と学校の性教育に対する見解の違い」など問題点も多かったが、互いの連携を密にすることで解決するものと考える。そこで、性教育の出前授業を行った小学校の教員に対して質問紙調査を行い、今後の授業構成に役立てるとともに、効果的な健康教育とはどういったものかを検討した。その結果、性教育を行う上で環境、興味、認識、行動、知識といった5つのカテゴリーの難しさがあることが明らかとなった。また、性教育に必要な配慮は個人および家族という2つのカテゴリーの要因が見出された。そして、教員が外部講師に望むものは、専門的知識、体験学習、認識への働きかけといった3つのカテゴリーの内容が挙げられた。今後はこれらを踏まえて、児童生徒を取り巻く学校、保護者、地域がそれぞれバランスよく連携し継続的な関わりを持つ中で、少しでも児童生徒のその後の生き方に良い影響を与えることのできる取り組みについて、検討していきたいと考える

非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎における肝細胞へのα-synucleinの蓄積と病理組織学的診断における有用性

Backgrounds: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by fat deposition, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. The diagnosis of NASH is confirmed pathologically, and hepatocyte ballooning is an important finding for definite diagnosis. Recently, α-synuclein deposition in multiple organs was reported in Parkinson’s disease. Since it was reported that α synuclein is taken up by hepatocytes via connexin 32, the expression of α-synuclein in the liver in NASH is of interest. The accumulation of α-synuclein in the liver in NASH was investigated. Immunostaining for p62, ubiquitin, and α-synuclein was performed, and the usefulness of immunostaining in pathological diagnosis was examined. Methods: Liver biopsy tissue specimens from 20 patients were evaluated. Several antibodies against α-synuclein, as well as antibodies against connexin 32, p62, and ubiquitin were used for immunohistochemical analyses. Staining results were evaluated by several pathologists with varying experience, and the diagnostic accuracy of ballooning was compared. Results: Polyclonal α-synuclein antibody, not the monoclonal antibody, reacted with eosinophilic aggregates in ballooning cells. Expression of connexin 32 in degenerating cells was also demonstrated. Antibodies against p62 and ubiquitin also reacted with some of the ballooning cells. In the pathologists’ evaluations, the highest interobserver agreement was obtained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides, followed by slides immunostained for p62 and α-synuclein, and there were cases with different results between H&E staining and immunostaining Conclusion: These results indicate the incorporation of degenerated α-synuclein into ballooning cells, suggesting the involvement of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of NASH. The combination of immunostaining including polyclonal α-synuclein may contribute to improving the diagnosis of NASH

Singlet oxygen -derived nerve growth factor exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma with mixed inflammation

Background: Refractory asthma, which is caused by several factors including neutrophil infiltration is a serious complication of bronchial asthma. We previously reported that nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in AHR. NGF-derived induction of hyperalgesia is dependent on neutrophils; however, this relationship remains unclear in respiratory disease. In this study, we examined the roles of neutrophils and NGF in refractory asthma. Methods: Using intranasal house dust mite sensitization, we established a mouse model of asthma with mixed inflammation (Mix-in). AHR, NGF production and hyperinnervation of the lungs were examined with or without different inhibitory treatments. The levels of the singlet oxygen markers, 10- and 12-(Z,E)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) in the lungs, were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An in vitro experiment was also performed to evaluate the direct effect of singlet oxygen on NGF production. Results: NGF production and hyperinnervation were higher in Mix-in mice than in conventional eosinophilic-asthmatic mice and were positively correlated with AHR. Asthmatic parameters were inhibited by NGF neutralizing Abs and myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibition. The 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODEs levels were increased in the lungs and were positively correlated with MPO activity and NGF production. NGF was produced by bronchial epithelial cells in vitro upon stimulation with singlet oxygen. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that neutrophil MPO-derived singlet oxygen induces increased NGF production, leading to AHR and 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODEs production. These findings may help to develop new therapies targeting this mechanism and to establish a new biomarker for non-type 2 and refractory asthma

ダイガク ニ オケル セイキョウイク ニ ツイテノ イチコウサツ / タンキダイガクセイ ニ オケル セイイシキ ト セイコウドウ ノ チョウサ カラ

本研究の目的は、短期大学生における性行動および性意識に関する調査を行い、現状と課題を明らかにすることであり、今後の大学における性教育の課題を検討する一助とするものである。短期大学部1年生を対象に性意識と性行動に関する質問紙調査を行った。性交経験率は43.4%であり、妊娠経験については、11 名が「妊娠の経験あり」と答え、そのうち「妊娠中絶をした」と回答したものが4件あり、望まない妊娠を防ぐための性教育の必要性が伺える結果となった。また、「結婚に関係なく、性行為をしてもいい」と答えたのは48%で、性交経験者への質問のうち、「避妊をしなかった」という回答が12%であった。性についての知識を学ぶものとして望ましいと考えているのは、「学校・教師」が最も多く挙げられ、情報源として多く挙げられた「雑誌・漫画」や「テレビ・ビデオ」、「インターネット」は望ましいものとしては考えていないという結果であった。これまで受けた性教育への印象は否定的なものが多く、大学生の教育や指導のニードに応えられるような対策に加えて、性教育の授業構成や教授方法の工夫が必要であると考えられる。結婚願望については、65%が「ある」と回答していたが、それ以上に「将来、子どもが欲しいと考えている」回答が76%と上回り、その多くが複数の子どもを希望していた。今後は将来構想についての人生設計を含めた性教育の実施が望まれる。The purpose of this study, carrying out a survey on sexual behavior and sexual awareness in junior college students. And it is to clarify the current situation and problems. A questionnaire survey was carried out to target the Junior College freshman 170 people. 43.4% of the students has experienced sexual intercourse. Eleven persons had been pregnant. Four of those got abortions. 48% of the students accept single sexual act. 12% of them don\u27t prevent conception during sexual ntercourse. It is desirable to know the sex knowledge from "school teachers". There are many negative impression of the sex education that they received so far. 65% of them answered that they have marriage desire; 76% of them want to have children in the future. In the future, it is considered that would like to review the sex education of content that can nurture a rich life

AIRE illuminates the feature of medullary thymic epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma

Despite the clear distinction between cortical (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) in physiology, the cell of origin of thymic carcinomas (TCs) and other thymic epithelial tumors remained enigmatic. We addressed this issue by focusing on AIRE, an mTEC-specific transcriptional regulator that is required for immunological self-tolerance. We found that a large proportion of TCs expressed AIRE with typical nuclear dot morphology by immunohistochemistry. AIRE expression in TCs was supported by the RNA-seq data in the TCGA-THYM database. Furthermore, our bioinformatics approach to the recent single-cell RNA-seq data on human thymi has revealed that TCs hold molecular characteristics of multiple mTEC subpopulations. In contrast, TCs lacked the gene signatures for cTECs. We propose that TCs are tumors derived from mTECs

PESI-MS for Diagnostic Cytology

Objectives: Cytology and histology are 2 indispensable diagnostic tools for cancer diagnosis, which are rapidly increasing in importance with aging populations. We applied mass spectrometry (MS) as a rapid approach for swiftly acquiring nonmorphological information of interested cells. Conventional MS, which primarily rely on promoting ionization by pre-applying a matrix to cells, has the drawback of time-consuming both on data acquisition and analysis. As an emerging method, probe electrospray ionization-MS (PESI-MS) with a dedicated probe is capable to pierce sample and measure specimen in small amounts, either liquid or solid, without the requirement for sample pretreatment. Furthermore, PESI-MS is timesaving compared to the conventional MS. Herein, we investigated the capability of PESI-MS to characterize the cell types derived from the respiratory tract of human tissues. Study Design: PESI-MS analyses with DPiMS-2020 were performed on various type of cultured cells including 5 lung squamous cell carcinomas, 5 lung adenocarcinomas, 5 small-cell carcinomas, 4 malignant mesotheliomas, and 2 normal controls. Results: Several characteristic peaks were detected at around m/z 200 and 800 that were common in all samples. As expected, partial least squares-discriminant analysis of PESI-MS data distinguished the cancer cell types from normal control cells. Moreover, distinct clusters divided squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: PESI-MS presented a promising potential as a novel diagnostic modality for swiftly acquiring specific cytological information

Verification of the Impact of Blood Glucose Level on Liver Carcinogenesis and the Efficacy of a Dietary Intervention in a Spontaneous Metabolic Syndrome Model

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal, liver, and heart diseases. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive representative liver disease and may lead to the irreversible calamities of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia have been broadly reported to be related to hepatocarcinogenesis in NASH; however, direct evidence of a link between hyperglycemia and carcinogenesis is still lacking. Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetic (TSOD) mice spontaneously develop metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, and NASH-like liver phenotype, and eventually develop hepatocellular carcinomas. TSOD mice provide a spontaneous human MS-like model, even with significant individual variations. In this study, we monitored mice in terms of their changes in blood glucose levels, body weights, and pancreatic and liver lesions over time. As a result, liver carcinogenesis was delayed in non-hyperglycemic TSOD mice compared to hyperglycemic mice. Moreover, at the termination point of 40 weeks, liver tumors appeared in 18 of 24 (75%) hyperglycemic TSOD mice; in contrast, they only appeared in 5 of 24 (20.8%) non-hyperglycemic mice. Next, we investigated three kinds of oligosaccharide that could lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic TSOD mice. We monitored the levels of blood and urinary glucose and assessed pancreatic lesions among the experimental groups. As expected, significantly lower levels of blood and urinary glucose and smaller deletions of Langerhans cells were found in TSOD mice fed with milk-derived oligosaccharides (galactooligosaccharides and lactosucrose). At the age of 24 weeks, mild steatohepatitis was found in the liver but there was no evidence of liver carcinogenesis. Steatosis in the liver was alleviated in the milk-derived oligosaccharide-administered group. Taken together, suppressing the increase in blood glucose level from a young age prevented susceptible individuals from diabetes and the onset of NAFLD/NASH, as well as carcinogenesis. Milk-derived oligosaccharides showed a lowering effect on blood glucose levels, which may be expected to prevent liver carcinogenesis

Establishment of repeated liver biopsy technique in experimental mice

Biopsy is a commonly used method for determining pathological diagnoses by directly using human tissues and cells. Biopsies are widely used to determine disease progression and treatment efficacy. Although organs and tissues are usually obtained by sacrifice during animal experiments, it is theoretically possible to use the same biopsy techniques in humans. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of performing four repeated liver biopsies in a spontaneous metabolic syndrome mouse model. Even though a small number of mice died accidently, most mice were able to undergo four liver biopsies without significant adverse events. We also performed three liver biopsies in mouse liver tumor carcinogen models at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. In addition to the sample collected at 16 weeks of age during sacrifice, we successfully collected four liver samples from the same mice at different stages of disease progression. The application of this liver biopsy technique might make it possible for direct evaluation of pathological conditions in the same individual over time, thereby reducing the number of experimental animals

Spontaneous Occurrence of Various Types of Hepatocellular Adenoma in the Livers of Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Steatohepatitis Model TSOD Mice

Male Tsumura-Suzuki Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice, a spontaneous metabolic syndrome model, develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver tumors by feeding on a standard mouse diet. Nearly 70% of liver tumors express glutamine synthetase (GS), a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, approximately 30% are GS-negative without prominent nuclear or structural atypia. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the GS-negative tumors of TSOD mice. Twenty male TSOD mice were sacrificed at 40 weeks and a total of 21 tumors were analyzed by HE staining and immunostaining of GS, liver fatty acid-binding protein (L FABP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and beta-catenin. With immunostaining for GS, six (29%) tumors were negative. Based on the histological and immunohistological characteristics, six GS-negative tumors were classified into several subtypes of human hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). One large tumor showed generally similar findings to inflammatory HCA, but contained small atypical foci with GS staining and partial nuclear beta-catenin expression suggesting malignant transformation. GS-negative tumors of TSOD mice contained features similar to various subtypes of HCA. Different HCA subtypes occurring in the same liver have been reported in humans; however, the diversity of patient backgrounds limits the ability to conduct a detailed, multifaceted analysis. TSOD mice may share similar mechanisms of HCA development as in humans. It is timely to review the pathogenesis of HCA from both genetic and environmental perspectives, and it is expected that TSOD mice will make further contributions in this regard