From Your Nose to Your Toes: A Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic‒Associated Pernio.

Despite thousands of reported patients with pandemic-associated pernio, low rates of seroconversion and PCR positivity have defied causative linkage to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pernio in uninfected children is associated with monogenic disorders of excessive IFN-1 immunity, whereas severe COVID-19 pneumonia can result from insufficient IFN-1. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and robust IFN-1 response are seen in the skin of patients with pandemic-associated pernio, suggesting an excessive innate immune skin response to SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the pathophysiology of this phenomenon may elucidate the host mechanisms that drive a resilient immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and could produce relevant therapeutic targets

Pace, magnitude, and nature of terrestrial climate change through the end-Permian extinction in southeastern Gondwana

Rapid climate change was a major contributor to the end-Permian extinction (EPE). Although well constrained for the marine realm, relatively few records document the pace, nature, and magnitude of climate change across the EPE in terrestrial environments. We generated proxy records for chemical weathering and land surface temperature from continental margin deposits of the high-latitude southeastern margin of Gondwana. Regional climate simulations provide additional context. Results show that Glossopteris forest-mire ecosystems collapsed during a pulse of intense chemical weathering and peak warmth, which capped ∼1 m.y. of gradual warming and intensification of seasonality. Erosion resulting from loss of vegetation was short lived in the low-relief landscape. Earliest Triassic climate was∼10–14 °C warmer than the late Lopingian and landscapes were no longer persistently wet. Aridification, commonly linked to the EPE, developed gradually, facilitating the persistence of refugia for moisture-loving terrestrial groups.This research was also funded by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) grants EAR-1636625 (C.R. Fielding and D. Frank) and EAR-1636629 (A.M.E. Winguth and C. Winguth), and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. We acknowledge NSF-sponsored high-performance computing support from Cheyenne provided by the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Computational and Information Systems Laboratory.</p