Grip Strength Symmetries in Division I College Baseball Pitchers and Hitters

Integrating strength and conditioning coaches and programs for baseball athletes has yielded positive performance outcomes for both hitting and throwing. Among a variety of baseball-specific testing batter, grip strength has shown to significantly correlate with increased swing and throwing velocity. However, no investigations have examined grip strength asymmetries for hitters and pitchers. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences between right and left arm grip strength of baseball pitchers and hitters. METHODS: Division I collegiate baseball players (n = 45, height. (183.52 ± 11.77 cm) weight. (85.96 ± 17.73 kg.) performed dominate and non-dominate maximal grip strength at position specific arm and forearm orientation utilizing the Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Hitters (n = 22) performed grip strength assessments at 90-degree elbow flexion, neutral forearm orientation (NDN). Pitchers (n = 23) performed grip strength assessments at 90-degree elbow flexion, pronated forearm orientation (NDP). Three attempts were permitted to exert maximal force, recorded in kilograms (kg) – highest exerted force was recorded and used for analysis. An independent samples t-test (p \u3c .05) was employed to assess dominate and non-dominate grip strength differences. RESULT: The results indicated no significant differences between pitchers’ dominate NDP (57.39 ± 7.49 kg) and non-dominate NDP (56.0 ± 7.63 kg), t(44) = .624, p = .966. Likewise, hitters presented no significant difference between dominate NDN (60.68 ± 10.15 kg) and non-dominate NDN (55.27 ± 11.31 kg) t(42) = 1.669, p = .264. CONCLUSION: Contrary to common belief, these results suggest baseball players do not present significant grip strength asymmetries. While baseball skills (i.e., throwing, hitting) require adequate grip strength to produce favorable performances outcomes, these single arm/hand movements do not place baseball players in a concerning asymmetrical grip strength state. Utilization of both hands during hitting provides reasonable explanations for the results of hitters. For pitchers, glove movement and skill, along with typical strength and conditioning may contribute to improvements in non-dominate grip strength. Furthermore, these results suggest equivalent bilateral strength may be a necessity of collegiate baseball players

Sex-Specific Pre-Session PRS Difference between Bouts of Fatiguing Resistance Training

The perceived recovery status (PRS) scale, a valid psychophysiological tool, provides a scalar representation of varying levels of an individualized recovery status before or during various modes of exercise. Previous investigations recognize females as more fatigue resilient, quantified via the PRS scale, than males during repeated sprint performance. To the best of our knowledge, no investigations have examined the sex-specific PRS responses during multi-session resistance training. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare male and female PRS scores for multi-session fatiguing resistance training with incremental decline intersession recovery periods. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 14 trained males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) that participated in five resistance training sessions. Session 1 consisted of one repetition maximum (1RM) testing for barbell back squat (SQ) and barbell bench press (BP); additionally, during session 1, subjects were given standardized instructions explaining how to interpret the PRS scale (familiarization). PRS was collected prior to each training session. Seventy-two hours after session 1, participants completed a standardized dynamic warm up, followed by a comprehensive, fatiguing resistance training session that began with 3 sets of 55%, 65%, and 75% 1RM, followed by 1 set of as many repetitions as possible (AMRAP) at 85% 1RM for SQ. Ten minutes of recovery was provided upon completion of SQ, before completing the same 4 set routine for BP. Upon 5-minute rest, participants completed 4 set of 2 repetitions in reserve (RIR) for barbell reverse lunge, barbell shoulder press, and barbell bent-over row in circuit format with 90 seconds rest between circuits. In order, 72hrs, 48hrs, 24hrs, and 6hrs rest periods were assigned as intersession recovery. A 2 (sex) x 4 (session) mixed factorial ANOVA was used to determine the sex-specific responses to resistance training. RESULTS: No significant main effect was revealed between males and females PRS scores across sets. However, a statistically significant main effect of PRS scores was illustrated across sets [F (2.323, 27.875) =19.363, pCONCLUSION: These results suggest males and females globally recover similarly from fatigue induced resistance training. However, these data also suggest optimal intersession recovery duration may differ between the sexes – males reported significantly less recovered 48hr after training (between set 2 and 3), while female recovery decline after 48hr was an insignificant change; thus, aligning with previous reports of greater fatigue resilience appearing in females versus males

The Grizzly, November 30, 1999

Bears Take a Beating Against Rowan in the NCAA Division III Tournament: Final Score 55-0 • Judicial Board Finds Two Students Guilty • Judicial Board: How the System Works • S.T.A.R.: Providing Help for Victims of Sexual Assaults • Ursinus\u27 Political Link to the Collegeville Community: Dr. Goetz • Experiencing the Trappe Tavern • Student Says Sayonara to UC and Opts for Off-Campus Experience • Letters to the Editors: Violence on Campus; The White Agenda; A Case of Race • Bears Gain First Victory in NCAA Division III Playoffs • Rowan Overpowers Ursinus in Second Round of Playoffs • Fan-Vans Travel to Bridgewater, Mass. • Ursinus Swimming Fights Hard Against Gettysburghttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1453/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, October 5, 1999

Bears Clobber Swarthmore During Family Day Game • Family Day A Success • Admission Rumor Proves False • Sophomore Week Set • 811 Main Street • Forget MTV: Career Services Offering UC Seniors Opportunity to Star in Real World • Opinion: Stereotypes on Campus Affect and Hurt Everyone; Letter to the Editors • Ursinus Football Crushes Swarthmore in Centennial Conference Action, 59-0 • Volleyball wins Allentown Invit. and Family Day Tourney • Monumental Changes in UC Cheerleading • Soccer Splits for 1-1 on the Weekhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1447/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 9, 1999

Could Ursinus be a Target for Thieves? • Sexual Harassment at Ursinus College • John Street Elected New Mayor of Philadelphia • A Makeover for Ursinus Art on Campus • Egypt Air Flight 990 Disaster • BPS: True Student Living • Grizzly Greeks Rush to Greet New Members • Letter to the Editor: Disrespect of Women on the Ursinus Campus; Ursinus Students Fall Victim to False Sense of Security • Response: Racism • UC Baseball Players Receive Defensive Honors for 1999 Season • Football Stretches Streak to Six, Looks to Dickinson for 7 • Men\u27s Soccer Takes Tough Loss • F&M and Gettysburg in NCAA Tourneyhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1451/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, October 12, 1999

Homecoming \u2799: Any Questions? • One America • Ursinus Grads Leave with a Diploma and a Low Financial Debt • Students Celebrate Berman Museum\u27s 10th Anniversary • Old Men\u27s at Heart of Ursinus • Opinion: Lott\u27s Lack of Responsibility is a Major Threat to the Security of the World; The Destruction of Chechnya, NATO\u27s Bloody Legacy • WVOU Offers Promising Shows That Could Even Provide Thought • Jeffrey Gaines Jams Again at UC • Field Hockey Downed in Fairfield • Bears Senior Cornerback Dealt Leg Injury; Looks to Return • UC Tackles Johns Hopkins 20-18 • Volleyball Splits Home Matcheshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1448/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 16, 1999

Changes for Ursinus Campus? • UC Student Sexually Assaulted • A Case of Race? • Fire Safety on Ursinus Campus • Enjoying The Perks • Main Street House Stakes its Claim • Abstract Art Breathes Life into UC Campus • Opinion: Letter to the Editor; Editorial Discretion Does not Equal Censorship; Seniors Speak Out; The Key to the Issue of Race is Fellowship; In Response to the White Agenda • Voices in Praise Does it Again: Second Annual Gospel Choir Event a Success • Bears Head to Playoffs After Dickson Win • Volleyball Goes to ECAC\u27s • Ursinus Swimming Dives Into the Seasonhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1452/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, September 28, 1999

Cheer on UC at Family Day! • Taking to the Ballots • Change in Ursinus Security: Good or Bad? • Family Day Has Arrived • Living Off Campus Just Like Home • Campus Unable to Check Messages on Voice Mail • Bon Appetite at Back Porch Cafe • Letter to the Editor: Censorship in the Grizzly • Editors\u27 Response to Censorship Allegations • Volleyball Continues its Winning Ways • A Weekend of Success in U.C. Field Hockey • Bears Football Suffers 1st Loss of Season to #1 W. Marylandhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1446/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, September 14, 1999

Tragic Loss for Ursinus College • A Computer Makeover • Summer Research Experience • Freshman Orientation: Breaking in the Baby Bears • Car Owners Beware: Vehicle Cloning Criminals Multiplying to Collegeville Area • Ursinus Chapter of Best Buddies Begins Second Year • Life in Collegeville: Still Just a Rat in a Cage • Career Services Gets Connected • Opinion: Creationism is a Religious Doctrine, not a Viable Science ; What is and What Never Should be: The Rise and Fall of MTV\u27s Social Relevance • This is a Story of Obesity, Sexual Ambiguity, Self-Delusion and Madness • UC Gridders Grab First Win Over Leb Val • UC Field Hockey Under New Management • 80th Season of Bears Field Hockey Beginshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1444/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 2, 1999

Is Safety an Issue on Campus? • Payne Stewart, Golfer, Dies in Plane Crash • A First for National French Week • Summer Business Internship Opportunities • Hobson Hall: Home Sweet Home • Opinion: The Effectiveness of College in the Preparation of Students for the World; Gun Control has to be Enacted for Everyone\u27s Safety: A Response; Paying Back the US Dues to the UN • Always Unique, Ben Folds Five Rocks Philadelphia as Part of 1999 Tour • Vecchio, Duncan Power Bears Offense as Bears Rout Mules • Soccer Splits Pair with Fords, Green Terror • Flag Football: APO Downs 2-Time Champion Delta Pi in Double-OT • Junior Vecchio Awarded CC Offensive Football Player of the Week • Tough End to Tough Hockey Season • Volleyball Finishes Best Season Ever • Bears Defense Roars to Big Winhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1450/thumbnail.jp