現代語の終助詞「さ」の機能に関する考察

本稿では,長崎(1998)の追調査として,昭和初期から現代に至る終助詞「さ」の機能的変遷を観察した。長崎(1998)では,江戸語における終助詞「さ」の機能を調査し,その主たる機能は断定の働きであったこと,またこの働きが,明治から大正にかけて,現在のように情意表現を主体とした終助詞の機能に移行していく経過を報告した。本調査では,終助詞「さ」を,昭和前期(第二次大戦前),昭和後期(第二次大戦後),平成期に分けて,その機能的変遷を観察した。昭和前期には,終助詞「さ」の用法として,江戸語に見られた丁寧な会話にも使用される用例が見られた。特に江戸語の名残のある女性の言葉遣いの中心その用法が見られた。戦後は,終助詞「さ」の女性の用例は減少し,用言に接続する用例加増加し,「さ」は主に男性が使用する終助詞として定着した。平成に入ると,「さ」は終助詞としての使用より,間投助詞としての使用が目立つようになる。特に若い世代では終助詞「さ」は,男性にもあまり使用されなくなっている。この結果から,今後「さ」の終助詞としての機能は,衰退していくことが予想される

Bildung und subjektives Wohlbefinden im Zeitverlauf, 1984–2002. Eine Mehrebenenanalyse

Diese Analyse des subjektiven Wohlbefindens verfolgt zwei Ziele. Zum einen wird die Entwicklung des subjektiven Wohlbefindens über die Periode zwischen 1984 und 2002 untersucht. Dabei werden Alters-, Perioden- und Kohorteneffekte simultan betrachtet. Als soziale Mechanismen hinter den Wandlungsprozessen, das heißt als Prädiktoren für das subjektive Wohlbefinden und die Variation im Zeitverlauf, werden Bildung und Bildungsexpansion thematisiert und in die Analysemodelle eingeführt. Um die Lebenszufriedenheit unabhängig von gesundheitlichen Aspekten zu untersuchen, wird die Gesundheitszufriedenheit kontrolliert. Methodisch folgt der Beitrag einem Mehrebenenansatz. Zur Datenanalyse werden Hierarchisch Lineare Modelle (HLM) herangezogen. Detailliert wird auf die benötigte Datenstruktur, die Anwendbarkeit und die Parameter-Schätzungen von HLM eingegangen. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Sozio-Ökonomische Panel (SOEP), wobei nur die Teil-Stichprobe der Westdeutschen in die Analyse einbezogen wird. In den Resultaten zeigen sich – neben einem starken Einfluss der Gesundheitszufriedenheit – u. a. robuste Bildungseffekte, ein substanzieller Alterseffekt und ein schwacher negativer Kohorteneffekt auf die Lebenszufriedenheit

Long-term Effects of Multimodal Treatment on Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Follow-up Analysis of the COMPAS Trial

IMPORTANCE Knowledge about the long-term effects of multimodal treatment in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is much needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term efficacy of multimodal treatment for adult ADHD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This observer-masked, 1.5-year follow-up of the Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study (COMPAS), a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial, compared cognitive behavioral group psychotherapy (GPT) with individual clinical management (CM) and methylphenidate (MPH) with placebo (2 x 2 factorial design). Recruitment started January 2007 and ended August 2010, and treatments were finalized in August 2011 with follow-up through March 2013. Overall, 433 adults with ADHD participated in the trial, and 256 (59.1%) participated in the follow-up assessment. Analysis began in November 2013 and was completed in February 2018. INTERVENTIONS After 1-year treatment with GPT or CM and MPH or placebo, no further treatment restrictions were imposed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was change in the observer-masked ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score from baseline to follow-up. Secondary outcomes included further ADHD rating scale scores, observer-masked ratings of the Clinical Global Impression scale, and self-ratings of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS At follow-up, 256 of 433 randomized patients (baseline measured in 419 individuals) participated. Of the 256 patients participating in follow-up, the observer-masked ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score was assessed for 251; the mean (SD) baseline age was 36.3 (10.1) years; 125 patients (49.8%) were men; and the sample was well-balanced with respect to prior randomization (GPT and MPH: 64 of 107; GPT and placebo: 67 of 109; CM and MPH: 70 of 110; and CM and placebo: 55 of 107). At baseline, the all-group mean ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score was 20.6, which improved to adjusted means of 14.2 for the GPT arm and 14.7 for the CM arm at follow-up with no significant difference between groups (difference, -0.5; 95% CI, -1.9 to 0.9; P=.48). The adjusted mean decreased to 13.8 for the MPH arm and 15.2 for the placebo arm (difference, -1.4; 95% CI, -2.8 to -0.1; P=.04). As in the core study, MPH was associated with a larger reduction in symptoms than placebo at follow-up. These results remained unchanged when accounting for MPH intake at follow-up. Compared with participants in the CM arm, patients who participated in group psychotherapy were associated with less severe symptoms as measured by the self-reported ADHD Symptoms Total Score according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (AMD, -2.1; 95% CI, -4.2 to -0.1; P=.04) and in the subscale of reducing pure hyperactive symptoms, measured via the Diagnostic Checklist for the diagnosis of ADHD in adults (AMD, -1.3; 95% CI, -2.8 to 0.1; P=.08). Regarding the Clinical Global Impression scale assessment of effectiveness, the difference between GPT and CM remained significant at follow-up (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.03-2.59; P=.04). No differences were found for any comparison concerning depression as measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results from COMPAS demonstrate a maintained improvement in ADHD symptoms for adults 1.5 years after the end of a 52-week controlled multimodal treatment period. The results indicate that MPH treatment combined with GPT or CM provides a benefit lasting 1.5 years. Confirming the results of the core study, GPT was not associated with better results regarding the primary outcome compared with CM. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN5409620