Les spectateurs de Shakespeare : à la découverte des lettres et carnets de ses contemporains

Quelle place Shakespeare occupait-il dans l’univers intellectuel et culturel de ses contemporains ? La réponse est ardue, et elle ne peut être qu’imparfaite, car les matériaux dont nous disposons proviennent d’une petite partie de la population, celle qui avait accès à l’écrit. On s’intéressera néanmoins aux lettres et carnets de trois hommes, spectateurs de Shakespeare, dont les intérêts permettent d’éclairer utilement la question. Les carnets de Simon Forman (Bodl. MS. Ashmole 208), médecin et astrologue londonien qui assista à des représentations de pièces de Shakespeare au théâtre du Globe, sont assez connus ; ceux d’Edward Pudsey (Bodl. MS. Eng. Poet. d.2), en revanche, demeurent peu familiers, alors qu’ils regroupent des notes tout aussi diverses que celles de Forman, sur des pièces de Shakespeare, de Jonson, de Chapman, de Dekker, etc., mais aussi des citations de Sénèque, Tacite, More, Machiavel, Bacon, et des extraits d’œuvres du jésuite Robert Parsons. Enfin, on se penchera sur une lettre de Charles Percy, l’un des commanditaires, en février 1601, de la représentation séditieuse d’une pièce qui fut sans doute le Richard II de Shakespeare, que les Comédiens du Lord Chambellan interprétèrent la veille de l’insurrection de Robert Devereux, comte d’Essex. Charles Percy mentionne en effet, dans une missive antérieure aux événements, une autre pièce de Shakespeare (Henry IV, deuxième partie) qui donne à penser qu’il n’avait pas choisi la troupe de Shakespeare par hasard

Évolution et résonance du motif du jardin dans Henry VI, Richard II et Henry V

Photograph taken by Salt Lake Tribune staf

Transmission as Appropriation: The Early Reception of John Benson’s Edition of Shakespeare’s Poems (1640)

Described by modern critics as a ‘mangled hodgepodge’, John Benson’s much edited and rearranged text of Shakespeare’s Poems was considerably successful throughout the seventeenth century. While Benson’s choices could be considered as attempts to cater for and partly shape the tastes of a new generation of readers, its form also incited a number of them to alter the printed work. The article focuses on the annotations of two seventeenth-century readers of the edition, the main hand in Folger STC 22344 copy 2 and that of the little-known Meisei University MR 1447 – two copies in which readers’ reactions to and appropriation of Benson’s edition are particularly visible. A final section is also devoted to Folger MS. V.a.148, a miscellany in which some of Benson’s Poems are recontextualised. In a culture where, as Joad Raymond has observed, ‘any reader was potentially also a writer, or at least a reviser or commentator’, the early appropriation and transformation of Shakespeare’s text played a central part in its transmission. The practices and examples examined here were part and parcel of these processes

AGTEC-Org Agronomy Handbook of Methods

A common handbook was conceived in the CORE Organic AGTEC-Org project in order to give some elements of field trial monitoring

Using the R Package Spatstat to Assess Inhibitory Effects of Microregional Hypoxia on the Infiltration of Cancers of the Head and Neck Region by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

(1) Background: The immune system has physiological antitumor activity, which is partially mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Tumor hypoxia, which is highly prevalent in cancers of the head and neck region, has been hypothesized to inhibit the infiltration of tumors by CTL. In situ data validating this concept have so far been based solely upon the visual assessment of the distribution of CTL. Here, we have established a set of spatial statistical tools to address this problem mathematically and tested their performance. (2) Patients and Methods: We have analyzed regions of interest (ROI) of 22 specimens of cancers of the head and neck region after 4-plex immunofluorescence staining and whole-slide scanning. Single cell-based segmentation was carried out in QuPath. Specimens were analyzed with the endpoints clustering and interactions between CTL, normoxic, and hypoxic tumor areas, both visually and using spatial statistical tools implemented in the R package Spatstat. (3) Results: Visual assessment suggested clustering of CTL in all instances. The visual analysis also suggested an inhibitory effect between hypoxic tumor areas and CTL in a minority of the whole-slide scans (9 of 22, 41%). Conversely, the objective mathematical analysis in Spatstat demonstrated statistically significant inhibitory interactions between hypoxia and CTL accumulation in a substantially higher number of specimens (16 of 22, 73%). It showed a similar trend in all but one of the remaining samples. (4) Conclusion: Our findings provide non-obvious but statistically rigorous evidence of inhibition of CTL infiltration into hypoxic tumor subregions of cancers of the head and neck. Importantly, these shielded sites may be the origin of tumor recurrences. We provide the methodology for the transfer of our statistical approach to similar questions. We discuss why versions of the Kcross and pcf.cross functions may be the methods of choice among the repertoire of statistical tests in Spatstat for this type of analysis

Chanter la guerre à Wallis (’Uvea)

En se fondant sur un corpus de chants de l’île Wallis, cet article définit les modalités d’une « mémoire au présent » des faits de guerre se rapportant à différents types de conflits : entre Occidentaux (Deuxième Guerre mondiale), entre Wallisiens eux-mêmes, entre Wallisiens et Tongiens, et entre Wallisiens et Européens. Il met en évidence une compétence permanente à composer et à répéter des chants en fonction de l’actualité directe ou indirecte touchant la société insulaire.This article, based on a corpus of songs from the island of Wallis, defines the modalities of a « contemporary memory » of war deeds in various types of conflicts: between Westerners (the SecondWorldWar), between Wallisian people themselves, between Wallisians and Tongans and between Wallisians and Europeans. It points out a permanent skill in the composition and interpretation of songs in relation to events touching the society of this island in a direct or indirect way

No sex scandals please, we're French: French attitudes towards politicians' public and private conduct

The notion of distinct ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres underpins much normative and practical engagement with political misconduct. What is less clear is whether citizens draw distinctions between misdemeanours in the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres, and whether they judge these in systematically different ways. This paper explores attitudes to political misconduct in France. French citizens are often said to be particularly relaxed about politicians’ private affairs, but there has been little empirical evidence for this proposition. Drawing on original survey data, this paper demonstrates clearly that French citizens draw a sharp distinction between politicians’ public and private transgressions, and are more tolerant of the latter