Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Minyak Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L) Dengan Reaksi Transesterifikasi Menggunakan Katalis K2O/H-Za Berbasis Zeolit Alam

Kebutuhan dunia akan minyak bumi telah mencapai 10.000 juta ton pertahun. Eksploitasi secara berlebihan dan berkepanjangan mengakibatkan cadangan minyak bumi terus berkurang, dimana hal tersebut dapat diatasi dengan sumber energi alternatif terbarukan seperti biodiesel. Katalis yang digunakan adalah K2O/H-Za dengan loading KI 1%, 2%, 4% dan 6%. Minyak nyamplung melalui proses esterifikasi kemudian dilakukan proses transesterifikasi dengan katalis K2O/H-Za dengan variabel berat terhadap minyak sebesar 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20% dan suhu 500C, 600C dan 700C. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi % loading KI, % yield juga semakin tinggi, dimana % yield tertinggi sebesar 32,301% dengan loading KI 6%. Massa katalis terbaik didapatkan pada variabel 10% massa minyak dengan % yield 36,807%. Semakin tinggi suhu reaksi, % yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan semakin tinggi, dengan % yield tertinggi pada suhu reaksi 700C sebesar 36,807%. Kondisi reaksi transesterifikasi terbaik adalah katalis dengan loading KI 6%, massa katalis 10% massa minyak dan pada suhu 700C. Namun berdasarkan densitas dan viskositasnya, biodiesel minyak nyamplung dengan katalis K2O/H-Za tidak memenuhi SNI 04-7182-2006 karena % yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan kecil

Pyro-Hydrometallurgy Routes to Recover Silica from Indonesian Ferronickel Slag

Ferronickel slag is a by-product of nickel smelting that provides an abundant silica source. Based on data, every ton of nickel production is equal to eight tons of ferronickel slag production, increasing without any recycling process. It is essential to create an end-to-end process for nickel production and its by-products because this would be a problem in the future and is relevant for many industrialized countries. This study describes a strategy to process ferronickel slag to produce silica. A pyrometallurgy–hydrometallurgy process and ferronickel slag were used to increase the silica content. The process was conducted through alkali fusion; the ferronickel slag was mixed with sodium carbonate at a temperature of 1000 °C for an hour and continued via leaching, precipitation, and cleaning processes. The leaching process was conducted with four concentrations (4 M, 6 M, 8 M, and 10 M) of sodium hydroxide and three different leaching durations (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h). Using hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH 2 and deionized (DI) water cleaning, the precipitation process was adopted to synthesize a silica powder with the lowest agglomeration and enhance its purity. Characterization was carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive Emission (SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This study highlighted silica characteristics that indicate high recovery by 85% through alkali fusion, HCl leaching, precipitation, and deionized water cleaning

Pyro-Hydrometallurgy Routes to Recover Silica from Indonesian Ferronickel Slag

Ferronickel slag is a by-product of nickel smelting that provides an abundant silica source. Based on data, every ton of nickel production is equal to eight tons of ferronickel slag production, increasing without any recycling process. It is essential to create an end-to-end process for nickel production and its by-products because this would be a problem in the future and is relevant for many industrialized countries. This study describes a strategy to process ferronickel slag to produce silica. A pyrometallurgy–hydrometallurgy process and ferronickel slag were used to increase the silica content. The process was conducted through alkali fusion; the ferronickel slag was mixed with sodium carbonate at a temperature of 1000 °C for an hour and continued via leaching, precipitation, and cleaning processes. The leaching process was conducted with four concentrations (4 M, 6 M, 8 M, and 10 M) of sodium hydroxide and three different leaching durations (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h). Using hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH 2 and deionized (DI) water cleaning, the precipitation process was adopted to synthesize a silica powder with the lowest agglomeration and enhance its purity. Characterization was carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive Emission (SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This study highlighted silica characteristics that indicate high recovery by 85% through alkali fusion, HCl leaching, precipitation, and deionized water cleaning

Decomposition of Ferronickel Slag Through Alkali Fusion in the Roasting Process

Ferronickel slag is a by-product of the nickel smelting process. Recycling of ferronickel slag is required since it contains valuable elements besides its potency to pollute the environment. In order to take advantage of the valuable materials and reducing the potential hazard, beneficiation of ferronickel slag is essential. Alkali fusion of ferronickel slag using Na2CO3 in the roasting process was carried out. This study aims to determine the decomposition of the mixture of ferronickel slag-Na2CO3 in the roasting process. Roasting temperature and time were 800–1,000 °C and 60‒240 minutes, respectively. Characterizations of the ferronickel slag were conducted by XRF, ICP-OES, XRD and SEM-EDS. Meanwhile, roasted products were characterized using ICP-OES, XRD and SEM-EDS. Characterization of the ferronickel slag indicates that Mg and Si are the main elements followed by Fe, Al and Cr. Moreover, olivine is detected as the main phase. The roasting process caused percent weight loss of the roasted products, which indicates decomposition occurred and affected the elements content, phases and morphology. The roasting process at about 900 °C for 60 minutes is a preferable decomposition base on the process conditions applied and the change of elements content. Aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr) content in the roasted products upgraded significantly compared to iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) content. Olivine phase transforms to some phases, which were bounded with the sodium compound such as Na2MgSiO4, Na4SiO4 and Na2CrO4. The rough layer is observed on the surface of the roasted product as a result of the decomposition process. It indicates that liquid-solid mass transfer is initiated from the surfac