Does Industrialization = "Development"? The Effects of Industrialization on School Enrollment and Youth Employment in Indonesia

This study examines the relationship between rising manufacturing employment and school enrollment in Indonesia from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. In comparison with cross- national studies, this study has a larger sample size of regions, defines data more consistently, and conducts better checks for causality and specification. Overall, enrollment is slightly higher and youth labor force participation slightly lower in regions with more manufacturing. The causal links between manufacturing and enrollments remain unclear. At the household level, employment of adult females in manufacturing is associated with lower enrollment, higher labor force participation, and more household responsibilities for female youth.

Industrialization and Infant Mortality

On average, infant mortality rates are lower in more industrialized nations, yet health and mortality worsened during early industrialization in some nations. This study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across 274 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Compared with cross-national studies we have a larger sample size of regions, more consistent data definitions, and better checks for causality and specification. We can also explore the causal mechanisms underlying our correlations. Overall the results suggest manufacturing employment raised living standards, housing quality, and reduced cooking with wood and coal, which helped reduce infant mortality. At the same time, pollution from factories appears quite harmful to infants. The overall effect was slightly higher infant mortality in regions that experienced greater industrialization.Industrialization, infant mortality, Indonesia, pollution, indoor air pollution

State Graduation Requirements, High School Course Taking, and Choosing a Technical College Major

I examine the changing patterns of enrollment of females and males in mathematics and science courses in high school between roughly the classes of 1982 and 1992. Course taking has increased in both subjects and, notably, the gender gap has closed. I also examine the impact of state graduation requirements on course taking patterns for males and females. Higher graduation requirements in mathematics and science are associated with increased course taking and the magnitude is similar for both females and males. Finally, I investigate the relationship between high school math and science course taking and college major choice for the latter cohort. Ability and taste are likely to affect both high school course selection and college major and students planning on choosing a technical major are more likely to choose to take additional math and science courses in high school. To address this issue of selection bias, I first include direct measures of ability and taste and then use variation in state graduation requirements to instrument for increased course taking. I find that the number of high school mathematics courses taken has a positive effect on the probability that a student chooses a technical major in college and that this result appears robust to correction for selection bias.

Does Industrialization = "Development"? The Effects of Industrialization on School Enrollment and Youth Employment in Indonesia

This study examines the relationship between rising manufacturing employment and school enrollment in Indonesia from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. In comparison with cross- national studies, this study has a larger sample size of regions, defines data more consistently, and conducts better checks for causality and specification. Overall, enrollment is slightly higher and youth labor force participation slightly lower in regions with more manufacturing. The causal links between manufacturing and enrollments remain unclear. At the household level, employment of adult females in manufacturing is associated with lower enrollment, higher labor force participation, and more household responsibilities for female youth

Industrialization, pollution, and infant mortality

ABSTRACT. This study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across almost 200 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Overall, we find no relationship between growing manufacturing employment in general and infant mortality. However, when the growth in manufacturing is concentrated in more polluting industries (as measured by the construction of a harm-weighted index of predicted emissions from manufacturing), there were economically and statistically significant increases in infant mortality. Finally, we consider a variety of potential causal channels that may change with industrialization (such as housing quality and access to health care) and whose change may help to explain the observed relationships. Although most of the various factors are correlated with infant mortality and the industrialization measures are correlated with changes in several factors, conditioning on these measures does not change our basic results

Industrialization and Infant Mortality

On average, infant mortality rates are lower in more industrialized nations, yet health and mortality worsened during early industrialization in some nations. This study examines the effects of growing manufacturing employment on infant mortality across 274 Indonesian districts from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. Compared with cross-national studies we have a larger sample size of regions, more consistent data definitions, and better checks for causality and specification. We can also explore the causal mechanisms underlying our correlations. Overall the results suggest manufacturing employment raised living standards, housing quality, and reduced cooking with wood and coal, which helped reduce infant mortality. At the same time, pollution from factories appears quite harmful to infants. The overall effect was slightly higher infant mortality in regions that experienced greater industrialization

The Effects of Industrialization on Education and Youth Labor in Indonesia

This study examines the relationship between growth in manufacturing employment and youth outcomes in Indonesia from 1985 to 1995, a time of rapid industrialization. In comparison with cross-national studies, this study has a larger sample size of regions, defines data more consistently, and conducts better checks for causality and specification. We also distinguish between the effects of manufacturing employment in the region and in the household and explore potential causal mechanisms underlying the observed correlations. Overall, manufacturing employment in the region modestly increases enrollment and decreases labor force participation for male and female young teens. At the household level, employment of adult females in manufacturing is associated with lower enrollment and higher labor force participation for young women relative to young men.