Comparison of the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa structures between Left and Right sides.

<p>a. Paired t-test;</p><p>b. Wilcoxon test;</p><p>c. Median (IQR); Level of significant was set at 0.05;</p><p>* in <i>mm</i>^<i>3</i>.</p><p>Comparison of the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa structures between Left and Right sides.</p

Sagittal view showing condyle joint space measurements.

<p>Sagittal view showing condyle joint space measurements.</p

A. Axial view showing superior limit of the condyle.

<p>B. Axial view showing inferior limit of the condyle.</p

3D Condyle reconstruction using Mimics software.

<p>3D Condyle reconstruction using Mimics software.</p

Comparison the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa between males and females.

<p>a. Independent t-test;</p><p>b. Mann-Whitney test;</p><p>c. Median (IQR). Level of significant was set at 0.05;</p><p>* in <i>mm</i>^<i>3</i>.</p><p>Comparison the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa between males and females.</p

Sagittal view showing genoid fossa roof thickness measurement.

<p>Sagittal view showing genoid fossa roof thickness measurement.</p

Comparison of the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa between the Malays and Chinese.

<p>a. Independent t-test;</p><p>b. Mann-Whitney test;</p><p>c. Median (IQR); Level of significant was set at 0.05;</p><p>* in <i>mm</i>^<i>3</i>.</p><p>Comparison of the dimensions of the condyle and glenoid fossa between the Malays and Chinese.</p

Condyle size measurements.

<p>CBCT images show the methods of measuring the condyle size. <b>1A. Sagittal view showing condylar length measurement. 1B. Coronal view showing condylar width measurement. Fig. 1C. Sagittal view showing condylar height measurement.</b></p

Antitumor Activity of Ficus deltoidea Extract on Oral Cancer: An In Vivo Study

Background. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of Ficus deltoidea (FD) in an animal model induced for oral cancer using 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into six groups (n = 7 per group): Group 1 (untreated group); Group 2 (control cancer group) received 4NQO only for 8 weeks in their drinking water; Groups 3 and 4 (chemopreventive) received 4NQO for 8 weeks and were simultaneously treated with FD extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, by oral gavage; Groups 5 and 6 (chemotherapeutic) received 4NQO for 8 weeks followed by the administration of FD extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, for another 10 weeks. The incidence of oral cancer was microscopically evaluated. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression was analysed in tongue specimens using an image analyser computer system, while the RT2 profiler PCR array method was employed for gene expression analysis. Results. The results of the present study showed a beneficial regression effect of the FD extract on tumor progression. The FD extract significantly reduced the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) from 100% to 14.3% in the high-dose groups. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the FD extract had significantly decreased the expression of the key tumor marker cyclin D1 and had significantly increased the expression of the β-catenin and e-cadherin antibodies that are associated with enhanced cellular adhesion. Based on the gene expression analysis, FD extract had reduced the expression of the TWIST1 and RAC1 genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and had significantly downregulated the COX-2 and EGFR genes associated with cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Our data suggest that the FD extract exerts chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in an animal model induced for oral cancer using 4NQO, thus having the potential to be developed as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents

Histological, Biochemical, and Hematological Effects of Goniothalamin on Selective Internal Organs of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Goniothalamin (GTN) is an isolated compound from several plants of the genus Goniothalamus, and its anticancer effect against several cancers was reported. However, there is no scientific data about effects of its higher doses on internal organs. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute effects of higher doses of GTN on the hematology, biochemistry, and histology of selected internal organs of male Sprague-Dawley rats. In acute study, 35 rats were distributed in 5 groups (n=7) which were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with a single dose of either 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg/kg of GTN, while extra 7 rats serve as a normal control. In subacute study, 7 rats were IP-injected with a daily dose of 42 mg/kg of GTN for 14 days, while another 7 rats serve as a normal control group. The normal controls in both studies were IP-injected simultaneously with 2 ml/kg of 10% DMSO in PBS. At the end of both tests, rats were sacrificed to collect blood for hematology and biochemistry and harvest livers, kidneys, lungs, hearts, spleens, and brains for histology. During acute and subacute exposure, no abnormal changes were observed in the hematology, biochemistry, and histology of the internal organs. However, the 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg of GTN during acute exposure were associated with morbidities and mortalities. Ultimately, GTN could be safe up to the dose of 200 mg/kg, and the dose of 42 mg/kg of GTN was tolerated well