7 research outputs found
Synthesis and Stability of Two-Dimensional Ge/Sn Graphane Alloys
There has been considerable interest
in the germanium and tin graphane
analogues due to their potential as optoelectronic building blocks,
and novel topological materials. Here, we have synthesized for the
first time alloyed germanium/tin graphane analogues from the topochemical
deintercalation of CaGe<sub>2–2<i>x</i></sub>Sn<sub>2<i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 0–0.09) in
aqueous HCl. In these two-dimensional alloys, the germanium atom is
terminated with hydrogen while tin is terminated with hydroxide. With
greater tin incorporation, the band gap systematically shifts from
1.59 eV in GeH down to 1.38 eV for Ge<sub>0.91</sub>Sn<sub>0.09</sub>H<sub>0.91</sub>(OH)<sub>0.09</sub>, which allows for more sensitive
photodetection at lower energies. In contrast to germanane’s
oxidation resistance, the Ge and Sn atoms in these graphane alloys
rapidly oxidize upon exposure to air. This work demonstrates the possibility
of creating functional tin-incorporated group IV graphane analogues
Improved Topotactic Reactions for Maximizing Organic Coverage of Methyl Germanane
The topotactic transformation of
Zintl phases such as CaGe<sub>2</sub> into organic-terminated germanium
graphane analogues using
haloalkanes is a powerful route for generating new 2D optoelectronic
and spintronic building blocks. However, uniform ligand coverage is
necessary for optimizing the properties and stability of these single-atom-thick
frameworks. Here, we compare the effectiveness of different topochemical
methods to maximize methyl-termination in GeCH<sub>3</sub>. We show
that a previously developed CH<sub>3</sub>I/H<sub>2</sub>O phase transfer
route produces a small percentage of partially oxidized germanane.
The partially oxidized termination is readily removed upon HCl treatment,
which leads to Ge–Cl termination, but rapidly reoxidizes after
exposure to the ambient atmosphere. We then show that a one-pot route
with CH<sub>3</sub>I in distilled CH<sub>3</sub>CN solvent and at
least six equivalents of H<sub>2</sub>O results in no oxidation. The
GeCH<sub>3</sub> prepared from this one-pot route also has an increased
−CH<sub>3</sub>/–H ratio of termination from ∼90:10
to ∼95:5, is air-stable, has greater thermal stability, has
a sharper absorption onset, and has more narrow band edge photoluminescence,
all of which are signatures of a less defective semiconductor
Single Quasi-1D Chains of Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> Encapsulated within Carbon Nanotubes
The realization of
stable monolayers from 2D van der Waals (vdW)
solids has fueled the search for exfoliable crystals with even lower
dimensionalities. To this end, 1D and quasi-1D (q-1D) vdW crystals
comprising weakly bound subnanometer-thick chains have been discovered
and demonstrated to exhibit nascent physics in the bulk. Although
established micromechanical and liquid-phase exfoliation methods have
been applied to access single isolated chains from bulk crystals,
interchain vdW interactions with nonequivalent strengths have greatly
hindered the ability to achieve uniform single isolated chains. Here,
we report that encapsulation of the model q-1D vdW crystal, Sb2Se3, within single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
circumvents the relatively stronger c-axis vdW interactions
between the chains and allows for the isolation of single chains with
structural integrity. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
and selected area electron diffraction studies of the Sb2Se3@CNT heterostructure revealed that the structure of
the [Sb4Se6]n chain
is preserved, enabling us to systematically probe the size-dependent
properties of Sb2Se3 from the bulk down to a
single chain. We show that ensembles of the [Sb4Se6]n chains within CNTs display
Raman confinement effects and an emergent band-like absorption onset
around 600 nm, suggesting a strong blue shift of the near-infrared
band gap of Sb2Se3 into the visible range upon
encapsulation. First-principles density functional theory calculations
further provided qualitative insight into the structures and interactions
that could manifest in the Sb2Se3@CNT heterostructure.
Spatial visualization of the calculated electron density difference
map of the heterostructure indicated a minimal degree of electron
donation from the host CNT to the guest [Sb4Se6]n chain. Altogether, this model system
demonstrates that 1D and q-1D vdW crystals with strongly anisotropic
vdW interactions can be precisely studied by encapsulation within
CNTs with suitable diameters, thereby opening opportunities in understanding
dimension-dependent properties of a plethora of emergent vdW solids
at or approaching the subnanometer regime
Reversible O–O Bond Scission and O<sub>2</sub> Evolution at MOF-Supported Tetramanganese Clusters
The
scission of the O–O bond in O2 during respiration
and the formation of the O–O bond during photosynthesis are
the engines of aerobic life. Likewise, the reduction of O2 and the oxidation of reduced oxygen species to form O2 are indispensable components for emerging renewable technologies,
including energy storage and conversion, yet discrete molecule-like
systems that promote these fundamental reactions are rare. Herein,
we report a square-planar tetramanganese cluster formed by self-assembly
within a metal–organic framework that reversibly reduces O2 by four electrons, facilitating the interconversion between
molecular O2 and metal-oxo species. The tetranuclear cluster
spontaneously cleaves the O–O bond of O2 at room
temperature to generate a tetramanganese-bis(μ2-oxo)
species, which, in turn, is competent for O–O bond reformation
and O2 evolution at elevated temperatures, enabled by the
head-to-head orientation of two oxo species. This study demonstrates
the viability of four-electron interconversion between molecular O2 and metal-oxo species and highlights the importance of site
isolation for achieving multi-electron chemistry at polynuclear metal
clusters
Synthesis of 1T, 2H, and 6R Germanane Polytypes
Polytypism,
or the ability for materials to crystallize with different
stacking sequences, often leads to fundamentally different properties
in families of two-dimensional materials. Here, we show that is possible
to control the polytype of GeH, a representative two-dimensional material
that is synthesized topotactically by first controlling the polytype
sequence of the precursor Zintl phase. 1T, 2H, and 6R GeH can be prepared
by the topotactic deintercalation of 1T EuGe<sub>2</sub>, 2H α-CaGe<sub>2</sub>, and 6R β-CaGe<sub>2</sub>, respectively. The 6R and
1T GeH polytypes exhibit remarkably similar properties and feature
band gaps of 1.63 and 1.59 eV, respectively. However, the 2H CaGe<sub>2</sub> precursor forms due to the incorporation of small amounts
of In flux in the germanium lattice, which is retained when converted
to GeH. Consequently, 2H GeH has a reduced band gap of 1.45 eV. Finally,
temperature dependent diffraction of 6R GeH shows a negative coefficient
of thermal expansion along the <i>a</i>-axis and a positive
coefficient of thermal expansion along the out-of-plane <i>c</i>-axis
Tailoring the Electronic Structure of Covalently Functionalized Germanane via the Interplay of Ligand Strain and Electronegativity
The
covalent functionalization of 2D crystals is an emerging route
for tailoring the electronic structure and generating novel phenomena.
Understanding the influence of ligand chemistry will enable the rational
tailoring of their properties. Through the synthesis of numerous ligand-functionalized
germanane crystals, we establish the role of ligand size and electronegativity
on functionalization density, framework structure, and electronic
structure. Nearly uniform termination only occurs with small ligands.
Ligands that are too sterically bulky will lead to partial hydrogen
termination of the framework. With a homogeneous distribution of different
ligands, the band gaps and Raman shifts are dictated by their relative
stoichiometry in a pseudolinear fashion similar to Vegard’s
law. Larger and more electronegative ligands expand the germanane
framework, thereby lowering the band gap and Raman shift. Simply by
changing the identity of the organic ligand, the band gap can be tuned
by ∼15%, highlighting the power of functionalization chemistry
to manipulate the properties of single-atom thick materials
NaSn<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub>: An Exfoliatable Layered van der Waals Zintl Phase
The
discovery of new families of exfoliatable 2D crystals that
have diverse sets of electronic, optical, and spin–orbit coupling
properties enables the realization of unique physical phenomena in
these few-atom-thick building blocks and in proximity to other materials.
Herein, using NaSn<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub> as a model system, we
demonstrate that layered Zintl phases having the stoichiometry ATt<sub>2</sub>Pn<sub>2</sub> (A = group 1 or 2 element, Tt = group 14 tetrel
element, and Pn = group 15 pnictogen element) and feature networks
separated by van der Waals gaps can be readily exfoliated with both
mechanical and liquid-phase methods. We identified the symmetries
of the Raman-active modes of the bulk crystals <i>via</i> polarized Raman spectroscopy. The bulk and mechanically exfoliated
NaSn<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub> samples are resistant toward oxidation,
with only the top surface oxidizing in ambient conditions over a couple
of days, while the liquid-exfoliated samples oxidize much more quickly
in ambient conditions. Employing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,
density functional theory, and transport on bulk and exfoliated samples,
we show that NaSn<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub> is a highly conducting
2D semimetal, with resistivities on the order of 10<sup>–6</sup> Ω·m. Due to peculiarities in the band structure, the
dominating p-type carriers at low temperature are nearly compensated
by the opening of n-type conduction channels as temperature increases.
This work further expands the family of exfoliatable 2D materials
to layered van der Waals Zintl phases, opening up opportunities in
electronics and spintronics