A potential intellectual property issue with the way in which some nomenclature code decisions are made

This article examines the legal status of nomenclature codes and their application to denomination in certain forms of intellectual property, in particular plant breeder's rights and patents for micro-organisms. Its objective is to show how rigidity and the absence of appeals against nomenclature decisions can have adverse effects on the rights and even earning potential of applicants

Population structure and morphology of Canarium (Canarium) incisum and Canarium (Canarium) esculentum (Mollusca: Neostromboidae: Strombidae) from the Philippines with preliminary notes on aperture colouration based on DArTseq data

Canarium (Canarium) incisum and Canarium (Canarium) esculentum are small members of the molluscan Strombidae family. Little is known of their population structure. Therefore, we explored this using samples from a population of each. The first sample from Corong Corong Beach, El Nido, Philippines, consisted of 81 adult C. incisum, of which 33 were female and 48 were male. The second sample from Olango Island, Philippines consisted of 73 adult C. esculentum, of which 40 were female and 33 were male. Bias in sex ratio between species was not significant. However, there was bias in sex ratio within species, where males from both species were smaller in axial length than females. We found no evidence of pseudohermaphroditism. The black colouration of the aperture is a phenotype shared by many stromboidians, and 7.4% of C. incisum population exhibited this trait, while the C. esculentum population contained 50.1% black apertures specimens. Preliminary DArTseq analysis indicates that organisms with the black aperture colouration are nested within the populations. Our study fills a knowledge gap on C. incisum and C. esculentum population structure, and gives greater insights to size dynamics of stromboidian taxa in general

Successful salvage therapy of Fusarium endophthalmitis secondary to keratitis: an interventional case series

Grant M Comer, Maxwell S Stem, Stephen J SaxeUniversity of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USAPurpose: To describe a combination of treatment modalities used for the successful eradication of Fusarium endophthalmitis.Design: Interventional case series.Participants: Three consecutive patients with keratitis-associated Fusarium endophthalmitis.Methods: After failure of traditional management options, a combination of intravitreal and long-term, high-dose systemic voriconazole, topical antifungal medications, and surgical intervention, with penetrating keratoplasty, lensectomy, and endoscopic-guided pars plana vitrectomy, was administered to each patient.Results: All three cases achieved full resolution of the infection, with a final Snellen visual acuity score of 20/50 to 20/70.Conclusions: An aggressive combination of therapeutic modalities, including the removal of subiris abscesses, might be needed for the successful resolution of Fusarium endophthalmitis.Keywords: endophthalmitis, fungal, Fusarium, keratitis, keratoplasty, voriconazole&nbsp

The role of human resource management and governance in addressing bullying, burnout and the depersonalization of junior and senior psychiatric nurses in Saudi Arabia

This study examined the level of perceived responsibility junior and senior psychiatric nurses have for human resources and governance in Saudi Arabia. Bullying is a significant issue in nursing and an entrenched cultural practice that highlights a failure in governance and human resource responsibilities. A total of 90 responses (43.1%) to a 5-point Likert Scale survey that sought respondent perceptions on leadership, governance and human resources. This study is reported using EQUATOR network recommendations (SQUIRE 2.0). This survey revealed that junior and senior nursing respondents weakly agree with all statements. Neither nurse rank, educational status nor nationality affected the answers of the respondents; there were age, gender and experience effects. There is a significant correlation between all responses to the statements implying there is a social desirability bias to the responses. If bullying, and its derived consequence of burnout, is to be addressed there needs to be a cultural shift in the attitudes of junior and senior nurses towards more acceptance of their HR and governance responsibilities. Furthermore, there needs to be an increased focus on shared leadership responsibilities, with greater nurse-manager interaction and cooperation on transformational practices that will bring cultural change to the clinical space

Evaluation of the Long-Lasting Insecticidal Net Interceptor LN: Laboratory and Experimental Hut Studies against Anopheline and Culicine Mosquitoes in Northeastern Tanzania

Long lasting insecticidal nets (LN) are a primary method of malaria prevention. Before new types of LN are approved they need to meet quality and efficacy standards set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. The process of evaluation has three phases. In Phase I the candidate LN must meet threshold bioassay criteria after 20 standardized washes. In Phase II washed and unwashed LNs are evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free flying anopheline mosquitoes. In Phase III the LN are distributed to households in malaria endemic areas, sampled over three years of use and tested for continuing insecticidal efficacy. Interceptor® LN (BASF Corporation, Germany) is made of polyester netting coated with a wash resistant formulation of alpha-cypermethrin. Interceptor LN was subjected to bioassay evaluation and then to experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional alpha-cypermethrin treated nets (CTN) washed 20 times and LNs washed 0, 20 and 30 times. In Phase I Interceptor LN demonstrated superior wash resistance and efficacy to the CTN. In the Phase II hut trial the LN killed 92% of female An. gambiae when unwashed and 76% when washed 20 times; the CTN washed 20 times killed 44%. The LN out-performed the CTN in personal protection and blood-feeding inhibition. The trend for An. funestus was similar to An. gambiae for all outcomes. Few pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were killed and yet the level of personal protection (75-90%) against Culex was similar to that of susceptible An. gambiae (76-80%) even after 20 washes. This protection is relevant because Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis in East Africa. After 20 washes and 60 nights’ use the LN retained 27% of its initial insecticide dose. Interceptor LN meets the approval criteria set by WHO and is recommended for use in disease control against East African vectors of malaria and filariasis. Some constraints associated with the phase II evaluation criteria, in particular the washing procedure, are critically reviewed

Fur babies, governance, and ability: Finding meaning in survey response rates

We demonstrate that the use of visual cues in reminder emails can elicit increased response rates. Survey demographics and response rates were drawn from an ongoing survey being conducted within a not-for-profit organisation in Australia. The use of animals (“fur babies”) has an impact on the younger and older demographics and those without a university education. These ages and educationally limited cohorts are often seen as problematic to motivate to engage with surveys. For this study, the optimal time to elicit most responses was 12 weeks

Recognising and defining a new crown clade within Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

This paper defines a new crown clade Neostromboidea to separate the Strombidae, Rostellariidae, and Seraphsidae from their sister families Struthiolariidae and Aporrhaidae. There is significant value to understanding evolutionary processes within Stromboidea to recognise the universal similarity in the position of the eye on the end of peduncles and a diminished cephalic tentacle that arises from the middle to the end on that peduncle. This is in contrast to other members of the Stromboidea where the eye is located at the base of the cephalic tentacle. These physiological differences represent two set of organisms with divergent and independent evolutionary life histories and therefore these differences need to be identifiable within the nomenclature to bring meaning to the way we name things

Population structure of Canarium labiatum (Röding, 1798) (Mollusca: Neostromboidae: Strombidae) on Green Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland

Canarium labiatum is a small gastropod of the Strombidae family that is commonly encountered in the inter-tidal zones of tropical Queensland, Australia, yet little is known of its population structure. A targeted survey of the Canarium labiatum population on Green Island, located near Cairns, Queensland, was conducted on 12 August 2015. Ninety adult specimens were collected, of which 49 were female and 41 were male. The sample demonstrated significant sexual axiallength size dimorphism, with a bias towards larger females. While we collected more females than males, this did not represent a statistically significant bias, and rather may reflect the clustering nature of the sample. In addition, there was no evidence of pseudohermaphroditism in females within the population under consideration. Interestingly, 11.1% of the sample did not show banding and brown/grey-blue maculations on a light grey shell, the typical colour pattern associated with Canarium labiatum. This paper fills a knowledge gap in Queensland’s Canarium labiatum population structure and provides a basis for a wider study into the size dynamics of Strombidae in general, but Canarium in particular

TGFβ and CCN2/CTGF mediate actin related gene expression by differential E2F1/CREB activation

BACKGROUND: CCN2/CTGF is an established effector of TGFβ driven responses in diabetic nephropathy. We have identified an interaction between CCN2 and TGFβ leading to altered phenotypic differentiation and inhibited cellular migration. Here we determine the gene expression profile associated with this phenotype and define a transcriptional basis for differential actin related gene expression and cytoskeletal function. RESULTS: From a panel of genes regulated by TGFβ and CCN2, we used co-inertia analysis to identify and then experimentally verify a subset of transcription factors, E2F1 and CREB, that regulate an expression fingerprint implicated in altered actin dynamics and cell hypertrophy. Importantly, actin related genes containing E2F1 and CREB binding sites, stratified by expression profile within the dataset. Further analysis of actin and cytoskeletal related genes from patients with diabetic nephropathy suggests recapitulation of this programme during the development of renal disease. The Rho family member Cdc42 was also found uniquely to be activated in cells treated with TGFβ and CCN2; Cdc42 interacting genes were differentially regulated in diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS: TGFβ and CCN2 attenuate CREB and augment E2F1 transcriptional activation with the likely effect of altering actin cytoskeletal and cell growth/hypertrophic gene activity with implications for cell dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. The cytoskeletal regulator Cdc42 may play a role in this signalling response