Thermal Adaptation and Diversity in Tropical Ecosystems: Evidence from Cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is a central problem in ecology. Expeditions covering approximately 16°54′ of longitude and 21°4′ of latitude and eight Argentine phytogeographic regions provided thermal adaptation data for 64 species of cicadas. We test whether species diversity relates to the diversity of thermal environments within a habitat. There are general patterns of the thermal response values decreasing in cooler floristic provinces and decreasing maximum potential temperature within a habitat except in tropical forest ecosystems. Vertical stratification of the plant communities leads to stratification in species using specific layers of the habitat. There is a decrease in thermal tolerances in species from the understory communities in comparison to middle level or canopy fauna. The understory Herrera umbraphila Sanborn & Heath is the first diurnally active cicada identified as a thermoconforming species. The body temperature for activity in H. umbraphila is less than and significantly different from active body temperatures of all other studied species regardless of habitat affiliation. These data suggest that variability in thermal niches within the heterogeneous plant community of the tropical forest environments permits species diversification as species adapt their physiology to function more efficiently at temperatures different from their potential competitors

Bergalna pullata

Bergalna pullata (Berg, 1879) Fidicina pullata Berg 1879: 139 (type material examined). Type locality. Corrientes, Argentina. Remarks. The species was collected in Argentina and Brazil (Metcalf 1963a; Duffels & van der Laan 1985; Martinelli & Zucchi 1997). The species was reported from Corrientes Province in Argentina (Berg 1879; Torres 1945b) and we identified a male from Misiones Province. New provincial record. S. JOSÉ–(Mis), 42, NICOLAO S.S. (one male, MLPA).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Ariasa Distant 1905

Ariasa Distant, 1905 Type species. Tympanoterpes colombiae Distant, 1892 (Colombia). Remarks.The genus was recorded from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Surinam, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Metcalf 1963a; De Santis et al. 2007; Sanborn 2007a; 2010a; 2011a; 2011b; 2013).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Carineta limpida Torres 1948

Carineta limpida Torres, 1948 Carineta limpida Torres 1948a: 121 (type material examined). Type locality. Puerto Bemberg, Misiones, Argentina. Remarks. The species is known from Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay (Metcalf 1963c). The species was reported from Misiones Province in Argentina by Torres (1948a).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Chonosia longiopercula Sanborn & Heath 2014, sp. n.

Chonosia longiopercula Sanborn & Heath, sp. n. (Figure 14) Chonosia longiopercula nom. nud. Sanborn et al. 2011a, p. 5, Table 3. Type material.— ARGENTINA. HOLOTYPE: male (INHS), “ La Rioja / Dto. Capital, 6.5 km / N.E. of Bazan / 19 Jan. 1988 / Heath / Sanborn-Noriega Coll.”. PARATYPES: four male and one female same data as holotype (three male and one female MSHC, one male AFSC). Etymology. The species is named for the long male opercula which are the longest known for the genus. Diagnosis.— Male specimens of C. longiopercula sp. n. can be differentiated by the length of their opercula as no other species of Chonosia has opercula reaching past half-length sternite III. Females can be differentiated by their larger body size (32.5 mm) from C. atrodorsalis Torres, 1945 (about 24 mm) and C. trigonocelis Torres, 1945 (about 26 mm). The notch on the posterior of sternite VII in the new species has parallel sides while the notch of C. septentrionala sp. n. is circular, the notch of C. papa (Berg, 1882) rev. stat. has parallel sides posteriorly with a circular anterior terminus, and the notch expands anteriorly into a tear drop shape in C. crassipennis (Walker, 1858). Description Coloration.—Ground color of tawny and ferruginous. Head.—Head 1.23–1.4X wider than mesonotum with transverse fuscous mark between eyes enclosing ocelli, expanding anteriorly to central frontoclypeal suture and posteriorly to posterior margin of head, mark extends along anterior margin of eye to transverse mark across gena to antenna fusing with fuscous mark on supra-antennal plate. Tawny spots within transverse mark anterolateral to lateral ocellus, in posterior cranial depression and on posterior epicranial suture. Posterior to eye fuscous. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes greenish tawny. Long white pile on posterior head and posterior to eye. Postclypeus fuscous, rounded anteriorly, with ventral central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, ferruginous transverse ridges, a central strip on midline, lateral margin of postclypeus and posterior junction with anteclypeus tawny, and with white pile laterally, within lateral transverse grooves, and within central sulcus. Anteclypeus ferruginous, tawny spot on anterior midline in paratypes. Rostrum ferruginous, labium piceous laterally and on tip, reaching to posterior coxae. Gena tawny with central fuscous stripe between postclypeus and eye. Lorum ferruginous. Long white pile on lateral gena and lorum, short white pile on medial gena and lorum. White pruinosity on lateral postclypeus, anteclypeus, gena and lorum. Scape ferruginous, pedicel dark tawny with fuscous distal annulus, remaining antennal segments fuscous. Thorax.—Pronotum ferruginous, tawny along anterior margin and in midline. Fuscous marks on disc medial to paramedian fissures and connected across midline, and on anterior and central disc between paramedian and lateral fissures, and between lateral and ambient fissures. Lateral mark extends onto medial lateral margin of pronotal collar along anterior of the tawny pronotal collar and the ambient fissure fusing with a mark across the posterior disc between the posterior paramedian fissure and posterior lateral fissure, and fusing across midline in ambient groove. White pile in anterior lateral and paramedian fissures, pile in lateral ambient fissure in some paratypes. Mesonotum ferruginous with piceous submedian and lateral sigillae. Piceous marks anteriorly between sigillae, lateral to the lateral sigillae, and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation. The mark anterior to the cruciform elevation extends anteriorly along midline narrowing to anterior margin between submedian sigillae. Lateral mesonotum marked with tawny in some paratypes. White pile and pruinosity laterally, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation and along anterior margin, wing groove with heavy white pruinosity. Metanotum ferruginous with white pruinosity. Ventral thoracic plates fuscous except ferruginous posterior basisternum 2, posterior and medial episternum 2, lateral anepimeron 2, and posterior basisternum 3, epimeral lobe tawny. Venter covered with short white pile and white pruinosity. Forewing and hind wings.—Hyaline. Venation tawny, fuscous between costa and radius + subcostal vein, pterostigma reddish. Basal cell, cubital cell and proximal third of clavus clouded with tawny. Basal membrane reddish. Hind wing venation tawny. Vanal fold, anal cell 3, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3, anal cell 1 along anal vein 2 and proximal half of anal vein 1, and proximal one fourth of radial cell reddish, reddish in anal cells 2 and 3 distally margined with infuscation. Infuscation in proximal cubital cells 1 and 2 and medial cell. Legs.—Coxae, trochanter and femora ferruginous striped with fuscous. Fore femur with primary spine almost parallel to femur and larger, upright secondary spine, spines with fuscous base and tip along tawny ridge. Tibiae and tarsi ferruginous, striped with fuscous in one paratype, tibial spurs and comb testaceous with fuscous tips. Pretarsal claw ferruginous with fuscous tips. Legs with white pile and white pruinosity, both more dense proximally. Operculum.—Male operculum ochraceous, with fuscous base, reaching posterior margin of sternite V, extend as far as the middle of sternite VII in some paratypes. Lateral margin stepped mediad, posterior margin rounded, medial margin straight until constricting at base. Medial margin extends to middle of hind coxa. Meracanthus ochraceous with fuscous base, base tawny in some paratypes. Operculum covered with short white pile, more dense at base, white pruinosity at base, more dense laterally. Female operculum ochraceous with fuscous base posterior margin rounded extending medially to middle of meracanthus, not reaching to posterior margin of sternite II. Meracanthus ochraceous with broad, fuscous base. Abdomen.—Tergites ferruginous posteriorly and laterally, fuscous anteromedially with fuscous lateral spots. Timbal with 14 long and 13 short ribs. Tergites covered with short white pile, longer pile laterally and posteriorly, and white pruinosity, pruinosity more dense on lateral tergites 1 and 2, coverage decreasing on more posterior tergites. Sternites ferruginous, posterior margins of sternites III–VI red, red absent or anterior sternites fuscous in some paratypes, posterior sternite II fuscous. Long white pile medially on sternite II, white pruinosity dense on sternites I and II and laterally on sternites III–VII and epipleurites 3–6. Male sternite VII ferruginous with curving sides and straight posterior margin. Sternite VIII ferruginous with long white pile. Male genitalia.—Pygofer ferruginous with fuscous anterior, pygofer upper lobe folded medially covered with white pruinosity. Pygofer basal lobe short with fuscous rounded terminus. Median uncus lobe with parallel sided base, tapering to rounded terminus at about half length, central ridge tawny. Anal styles ferruginous with fuscous tips, extending to level of dorsal beak. Aedeagus fuscous with tawny membrane and two curved fuscous spines, endotheca recurved and tawny. Female genitalia.—Sternite VII dark tawny with lateral ferruginous spots and anterolateral fuscous marks, posterior margin sinuate with thin, parallel sided medial notch. Abdominal segment 9 ferruginous, fuscous anterodorsally and laterally, mark not reaching posterior margin. Long white pile and pruinosity on abdominal segment 9. Anal styles ferruginous with fuscous tips, reaching beyond dorsal beak. Gonocoxite IX ferruginous with white pile and pruinosity, gonapophysis VII castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous with long white pile near tip. Ovipositor sheath extending slightly beyond tip of dorsal beak and anal styles. Measurements (mm).— N = 5 males or 1 females, mean (range). Length of body: male 33.0 (31.0–34.7), female 32.5; length of forewing: male 41.2 (39.2–43.4), female 43.2; width of forewing: male 14.6 (13.1–15.7), female 15.4; length of head: male 5.5 (5.0–5.9), female 6.1; width of head including eyes: male 16.2 (15.2–16.9), female 16.7; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: male 15.5 (14.5–16.4), female 16.9; width of mesonotum: male 12.3 (11.9–13.0), female 13.5. Notes. — Chonosia longiopercula sp. n. is from the Monte floristic province (Sanborn et al. 2011a).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Herrera humilastrata Sanborn & Heath 2014, sp. n.

Herrera humilastrata Sanborn & Heath, sp. n. (Figure 7) Herrera humilastrata nom. nud. Sanborn et al. 2011a, p. 4 –7, Fig. 3, Table 1. Type material.— ARGENTINA. HOLOTYPE: male (INHS), “ Salta / Dto. La Caldera / Vaqueros. 13–I–1988 / J.E. & M.S. Heath —Al / Sanborn & F.G. Noriega Coll. ”. PARATYPES: five male same data as holotype (three male MSHC, two male AFSC); two male (MSHC) “ Tucuman / Dto. Lules, 9 km. E. / of Villa Nougues / 18 Jan. 1988. Heath-/ Sanborn-Noriega Coll.”; one male (MSHC) “ Salta / Dto. La Caldera / La Calderilla / 13 Jan. 1988 / Al Sanborn Coll.”; one male (MSHC) “ Salta / Cerillos / 3 Jan. 1987 / Al Sanborn & / J.E. Heath Coll. ”; one male and one female “ Salta / Ruta 68 & Rio Pulares / 1 km No. of El Carril / 16 Jan. 1988. Heath-/ Sanborn-Noriega Coll.” (one female MSHC, one male AFSC); four male “ Jujuy / San Salvador de / Jujuy. 2 Jan. 1987. / F. Noriega Coll. ” (three male MSHC, one male AFSC); eight male and one female (MSHC) “ Jujuy / San Salvador de / Jujuy. 2 Jan. 1987. / Al Sanborn Coll.”; three male (MSHC) “ Salta / 1 km So. of El Allisal / 20 December 1986 / Al Sanborn Coll.”; two male and one female (MSHC) “ Salta / 1 km So. of El Allisal / 20 December 1986 / F. Noriega Coll. ”. Etymology. The species is named for the understory microenvironment used by the species. The microenvironment used is the lowest layer or stratum of the Yunga forest environment. Diagnosis. — Herrera humilastrata sp. n. can be differentiated from H. ancilla (Stål, 1864), H. coyamensis Sanborn, 2007, H. infuscata Sanborn, 2009, and H. umbraphila sp. n. by the dorsal thoracic markings which are absent in these species. Herrera humilastrata sp. n. can be differentiated from H. lugubrina compostelensis Davis, 1938 by the green posterior margin of the abdominal tergites and the number of timbal ribs (10 vs. six). Finally, H. lugubrina lugubrina (Stål, 1864) and H. laticapitata Davis, 1938 are primarily black species. Description Coloration.—There are two morphs in this species. The primary ground color is tawny marked with piceous. The holotype is from the darker primary morph. The light morph is tawny with very few markings. The two morphs were collected in the same locations on the same days and did not appear to differ in their biology. We consider them to be color variants of the same species not warranting subspecific status. Head.—About as wide as mesonotum (about 0.99X), piceous except tawny lateral vertex between eye and supra-antennal plate, posterior epicranial suture and medial posterior margin. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark green. Silvery pile on dorsal head and longer pile posterior to eye and on ventral head. Postclypeus greenish tawny, rounded anteriorly, centrally sulcate with 10 transverse grooves and silvery pile laterally. Curved fuscous mark on dorsal surface arching from angle of frontoclypeal suture, medial fuscous marks in middle six transverse grooves. Anteclypeus fuscous with green anterior margin and anterior midline, covered with silvery pile laterally. Rostrum greenish tawny with piceous tip, not reaching to posterior coxae. Gena piceous. Lorum piceous, green anteriorly along gena. Antennae fuscous except tawny distal scape and proximal pedicel. Head completely tawny except small medial fuscous marks on either side of anteclypeus midline. Thorax.—Pronotum greenish tawny, piceous marks in paramedian fissures extending to fuse at midline in ambient fissure, lateral fissures, anteriorly between paramedian and lateral fissures, ambient fissure between midline and lateral fissures and anterolaterally and centrally on lateral disc. Silvery pile in fissures, expanding onto disc in some paratypes. Light morph with marks in paramedian and lateral fissures, other marks reduced or absent. Mesonotum tawny, submedian sigilla piceous, lateral sigilla broken fuscous, fuscous spot on anterolateral disc, square fuscous mark on disc extending onto medial anterior cruciform elevation, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation enclosing scutal depressions and terminating posterior to submedian sigillae. Cruciform elevation greenish tawny. Wing groove fuscous. Long silvery pile laterally, between anterior arms of cruciform elevation and in wing groove. Metanotum tawny posteriorly, piceous anteriorly, with long silvery pile. Area with markings slightly darker than tawny ground color in light morph. Ventral thoracic plates tawny except fuscous basisternum 2, outer margins of trochantin 2, medial katepisternum 2, meron 2, medial margin of katepimeron 2, basisternum 3, medial and posterior notch of episternum 3 and trochantin 3, completely tawny in light morph. Venter covered with dense, silvery pile. Forewing and hind wing.—Hyaline. Forewing venation greenish tawny becoming testaceous distally except piceous basal half of posterior margin of testaceous anal vein 2 + 3 and anterior cubitus posterior + anal vein 1 and small piceous spot at base. Basal cell hyaline. Basal membrane gray and green. Hind wing venation ochraceous becoming fuscous distally except green cubitus anterior. Vanal fold, anal cell 3, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3, cubital cell 2 along cubitus posterior, and base of medial cell grayish tawny. Green faded to ochraceous in some paratypes, venation completely ochraceous in light morph. Legs.—Greenish tawny, tawny areas green in some paratypes. Coxae, trochanter and femora striped with fuscous, less in middle trochanter. Fore femora with oblique primary spine, less oblique secondary spine, tertiary spine most oblique and small, oblique distal spine on fuscous ridge. Spines fuscous and piceous, decreasing in size distally. Fore tibiae tawny with green base, middle and hind tibiae green distally tawny, hind tibiae green, tibial spurs and combs tawny with fuscous tips. Tarsi tawny, darker in foreleg. Pretarsal claw tawny with fuscous tips. Legs tawny with fuscous tips to fore femora spines, tibial spurs and tibial combs in light morph. Operculum.—Male operculum ochraceous with fuscous spots on medial and lateral base, not reaching posterior margin of sternite II. Lateral margin angled mediad, posterior margin curved, medial margin rounded, medial margins not touching, anteromedial margin curved to base. Meracanthus ochraceous with fuscous base, reaching beyond anteromedial margin of operculum. Female operculum ochraceous with fuscous lateral spot on base, angled lateral margin, straight posterior margin, medial margin rounded near base, reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly and lateral meracanthus medially covered with silvery pile. Meracanthus ochraceous with small fuscous spot on base, slightly longer than operculum. Operculum and posterior meracanthus covered with silvery pile which also radiates from opercular margin. Abdomen.—Dorsal tergites fuscous with green posterior margin and piceous auditory capsule, fuscous replaced with tawny in some paratypes. Tergites covered with silvery pile, more dense laterally. Timbal with 10 ribs. Sternite I piceous, sternite II ochraceous except piceous medially, sternites III and IV piceous medially, tawny laterally, sternite V–VII piceous, sternite VIII fuscous. Female sternites tawny laterally with medial fuscous stripe. Epipleurites with green posterior margin, epipleurite 3 tawny, epipleurites 4–6 tawny anteriorly, fuscous posteriorly, the proportion of fuscous increasing in posterior segments, epipleurite 7 fuscous. Silvery pile on sternites, long golden pile on sternite VIII. Light morph segment tawny with green posterior tergite margins. Male genitalia.—Pygofer fuscous with posterolateral greenish tawny spot, lateral area with greater proportion of tawny in some paratypes. Dorsal beak fuscous, anal styles ochraceous not extending to end of dorsal beak. Pygofer upper lobe folded medially, pygofer basal lobe small, rounded, bent medially. Long golden pile radiating medially inside pygofer. Uncus lobes very small. Claspers with broad base, thinning and bending at a right angle before producing posterior curved spinous process, anterior portion flat with terminus bifurcating into two spinelike processes. Aedeagus tubular with partially flattened terminus, castaneous. Female genitalia.—Sternite VII piceous medially, tawny laterally with long silvery pile laterally, posterior margin with deep medial notch, lateral margins of notch extend beyond curving lateral posterior margins. Abdominal segment 9 fuscous with longitudinal greenish tawny stripe not reaching posterior margin, covered with silvery pile. Anal styles fuscous, not as long as dorsal beak. Dorsal beak bent dorsally. Gonocoxite IX light fuscous. Gonapophysis VII castaneous. Gonapophysis X dark fuscous with long golden pile. Ovipositor sheath extending to level of abdominal segment 9 dorsum. Measurements (mm).— N = 27 males or 4 females, mean (range). Length of body: male 12.5 (10.8–13.4), female 14.7 (13.7–15.1); length of forewing: male 16.7 (14.8–18.0), female 18.2 (17.0–19.0); width of forewing: male 5.8 (5.0–6.4), female 6.5 (6.2–6.7); length of head: male 1.4 (1.3–1.6), female 1.65 (1.6–1.7); width of head including eyes: male 4.3 (3.8–4.6), female 4.58 (4.5–4.7); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: male 4.9 (4.5–5.4), female 5.38 (5.2–5.7); width of mesonotum: male 4.4 (4.0–4.6), female 4.9 (4.6–5.4). Notes. — Herrera humilastrata sp. n. is from the understory vegetation in the Yunga floristic province (Sanborn et al. 2011a). The species has been shown to have unique thermal adaptations to the understory environment (Sanborn et al. 2011a).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Prasinosoma fuembuenai Torres 1963

Prasinosoma fuembuenai Torres, 1963. New Record. Prasinosoma fuembuenai Torres 1963a: 311. Type locality. Bolivia. Remarks. The species was known only previously from Bolivia (Duffels & van der Laan 1985). We collected specimens in Santiago del Estero Province. The species is associated with the Chaco floristic province (Sanborn et al. 2011a). Material examined. Santiago del Estero, 7 km W of Pampa de los Guanacos, 9-I-1988, Heath-Sanborn- Noriega coll. (eight males, MHSC, three males, AFSC).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Proarna parva Sanborn & Heath 2014, sp. n.

Proarna parva Sanborn & Heath, sp. n. (Figure 3) Proarna parva nom. nud. Sanborn et al. 2011a, p. 4, Tables 1 –2. Type material.— ARGENTINA. HOLOTYPE: male (INHS), “ Salta / 9 km So. of Split of / Rts 9 & 34. 19 Dec. 1986 / Al Sanborn Coll. / EX: Prosopis”. PARATYPES: one male ( MSHC) “ Tucuman / Dto. Trancas. Ruta 9 / ca. Trancas. 17–I–1988 / Heath-Sanborn-/ Noriega Coll.”; one male ( MSHC) “ Tucuman / Dto. Trancas. Ruta 9 / ca. Trancas / 17 Jan. 1988 / Al Sanborn Coll.”; one male ( MSHC) “ Santiago / del Estero 6.5 km / No. of Ojo de Agua / 15 Dec. 1986 / Al Sanborn Coll.”; one male ( MSHC) “ Santiago / del Estero 2 km / S.E. of Añatuya. 30 / Dec. 1986 / Al Sanborn Coll.”; one male ( MSHC) “ Salta / Ruta 9– 8 km So. of / General Guemes / 17 Jan. 1988. Heath- / Sanborn-Noriega Coll.”; two male “ La Rioja / La Rioja / 5 Jan. 1987 / Al Sanborn Coll. / EX: Prosopis” (one male MSHC, one male AFSC). Etymology. The species is named for its small size in comparison to other members of the genus. Diagnosis. —The only species of Proarna that is similar in size to P. parva sp. n. is P. praegracilis Berg, 1881. All other species of Proarna (body length 15–28 mm) are significantly larger than P. parva sp. n (body length 12.5mm), The new species has darker markings on the head, thorax and abdomen and the anterior prothorax is about as wide as the eyes; the prothorax is wider than the eyes in P. praegracilis. The postclypeus is flattened ventrally in the new species but rounded in P. praegracilis; the lateral abdomen is sharply angled and straight to the posterior terminus in the new species but smoothly curving to the terminus in P. praegracilis; the costal margin is arched in the new species but straight in P. praegracilis; the male opercula are more bulbous posteriorly with a dark spot on the base in the new species; the distal shoulder of the pygofer is angled dorsally but smoothly rounded in P. praegracilis; and the lateral lobes of the uncus are wider, shorter, and not bent as strongly laterally in the new species. Description of male Coloration.—Ground color of head and thorax ferruginous camouflaged with green, fuscous, piceous, and tawny; abdomen ferruginous marked with piceous. Head.—Head about 0.92X as wide as mesonotum with large transverse piceous mark on frons and vertex between eyes anterior to medial angle of eye, surrounding ocelli, extending anteriorly onto supra-antennal plate along frontoclypeal suture and posteriorly to margin of head except for ferruginous spot on posterior epicranial suture. Small piceous mark on posterior head slightly curved laterad about two thirds distance to eye. Eye ringed with piceous. Anterior supra-antennal plate piceous margined anteriorly and along anterior angle of frontoclypeal suture with green. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark green. Postclypeus castaneous with 10 green transverse grooves and fuscous central sulcus, rounded anteriorly, ventral surface flattened, and silvery pile, more dense in transverse grooves and central sulcus. Anteclypeus fuscous, lighter medially, with tawny anterior and posterior medial margins. Rostrum ochraceous with piceous tip reaching to middle of sternite I. Gena fuscous with tawny stripe between antenna and eye and tawny margin at junction with anteromedial lorum, some paratypes darker without tawny stripe or with green stripe. Lorum fuscous. Head covered with short silvery pile. Scape tawny and elongated, pedicel and proximal first flagellum fuscous, remaining flagellar segments greenish ochraceous, proximal pedicel tawny in some paratypes. Thorax.—Pronotum ferruginous, midline tinged with green, fuscous longitudinal bands on either side of midline, expanding to widest point at medial lateral fissure, bending laterad and continuing to posterior margin of pronotal collar as width reduces. Piceous transverse spot on midline in ambient fissure and on anterior end of lateral portion of pronotal collar. Anterior margin, posterolateral pronotal collar, pronotal collar posterior to medial portion of lateral disc green. Fuscous mark on anterior of lateral disc extending across lateral part of pronotal collar. Mesonotum ferruginous with fuscous submedian sigillae, arch outlining posterior submedian sigillae connected medially, and posteriorly expanding as a longitudinal mark from junction of arches to anterior margin of cruciform elevation constricting to line and terminating transversely on along posterior midline cruciform elevation. Tawny mark on parapsidal suture outlines submedial sigilla. Anterolateral lateral sigilla and anterolateal mesonotum green. Piceous mark extending posteriorly from anterior margin between parapsidal suture and green portion of lateral sigillae connecting to fuscous arch medially, continuing laterad across middle of lateral sigilla before expanding posteriorly on posterolaterad portion of mesonotum. Scutal depression piceous. Cruciform elevation greenish ferruninous with fuscous marks across anterior of anterior arms and middle of posterior arms, marks on posterior arms connected to medial mark on ventroposterior surface. Wing groove green anteriorly, piceous posteriorly with long white pile laterlly, green faded to tawny in some paratypes. Metanotum fuscous. Dorsum covered with short silvery pile. Ventral thoracic plates fuscous except tawny basisternum 2, posterior meron 2, and basisternum 3, only basisternum 3 tawny in some paratypes. Venter covered with silvery pile. Forewing and hind wings.—Hyaline. Costa, radius and subcostal vein greenish ferruginous, becoming ferruginous past node, remaining venation ferruginous proximally becoming fuscous distally, except piceous posterior margin of anal vein 2 + 3 and proximal quarter of cubitus posterior + anal vein 1, and piceous spot on branching of radius posterior from median vein. Basal cell clouded with light gray along cubitus anterior and arculus, hyaline anteroproximally. Infuscation on arculus, basal cubitus anterior, mediocubital crossvein, radial crossvein, and ambient vein in apical cells except apical cell 2, light stripes of infuscation within apical cells. Basal membrane grayish white. Hind wing venation ferruginous except piceous anal vein 3 and fuscous proximal anal vein 1, cubitus posterior and cubitus anterior. Vanal fold, anal cell 3, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3, anal cell 1 along anal vein 2, cubital cell 2 along proximal two thirds of cubitus posterior and base of costal and medial cells whitish. Legs.—Fore coxae ferruginous with fuscous anterior interrupted stripe and distal terminus, middle coxae ochraceous with proximal and distal fuscous spots and fuscous lateral margin, hind coxae ochracous with fuscous lateral margin. Fore trochanter ochraceous with fuscous mark medially, middle trochanter ochraceous with fuscous spots proximally and centrally on anterior, hind trochanter ochraceous. Fore femur tawny striped with ferruginous with proximal and distal fuscous spots anteriorly and posteriorly, with piceous primary spine against femur, larger, upright piceous secondary spine, and small, distal flattened extension. Middle femur tawny striped with ferruginous and ringed with fuscous near proximal and distal ends, hind femur tawny striped with ferruginous ringed with fuscous near distal end. Tibiae fuscous, ringed with tawny near proximal end and at about one-third distance from proximal terminus, tibial spurs and comb castaneous with fuscous tips. Tarsi fuscous, mesotarsus and pretarsus tawny proximally, pretarsal claw tawny with fuscous tips. Tawny areas greenish and coxae and trochanter striped with ferruginous in some paratypes. Operculum.—Male operculum ochraceous with fuscous base covered in silvery pile, reaching to anterior margin of sternite II. Lateral margin curved into rounded posterior margin, medial margin rounded not meeting centrally, anteromedial margin straight angled lateral and curving anteriorly at base. Meracanthus ochraceous. Abdomen.—Tergites ferruginous with tawny posterior and green hind margin, lateral tergite 2 and margin to timbal cavity tawny, fuscous spots on lateral tergites 3–7 becoming larger in posterior segments, posterolateral green spot in tergites 3–8 becoming larger in posterior segments, green faded to ochraceous in some paratypes. Timbal cover incomplete exposing timbal anteriorly and dorsally, fuscous with tawny margins. Posterior timbal cavity with straight margin, angled slightly anteriorly, curving to triangular apex of timbal cover. Timbal with four ribs and two spots. Silvery pile dorsally, more dense laterally and in some paratypes. Sternite I tawny, sternite II ochraceous with fuscous posterior margin, sternite III ochraceous, sternite IV ochraceous with transverse lateral fuscous marks, sternite V fuscous with ochraceous posterior, sternite VI fuscous with posterior ochraceous margin, sternite VII fuscous, sternite VIII tawny with elongate triangular fuscous mark on ventral base. Epipleurites fuscous with tawny posterior margin. Silvery pile on sternites, additional longer pile on sternite VIII. Genitalia.—Pygofer tawny basally with fuscous stripe on laterodorsal surface terminating on distal shoulder and lateral surface reaching posterior margin, greenish ochraceous posterolaterally and between fuscous marks, distal shoulder with small angled point dorsally. Dorsal beak absent, anal styles tawny ringed with fuscous. Pygofer upper lobe ochraceous, short, rounded, interior to lateral pygofer. Median uncus lobe short, recurved dorsally forming a V-shaped groove ventrally for tubular castaneous and tawny aedeagus. Lateral uncus lobes longer, flattened distally, bent ventrolaterally at approximate right angle when viewed from side, widest near base, lateral side angled more sharply to rounded apex. Aedeagus castaneous with expanded tawny membrane and castaneous recurved spine at terminus. Measurements (mm).— N = 8, mean (range). Length of body: 12.6 (11.5–13.4); length of forewing: 16.4 (14.6–17.8); width of forewing: 5.7 (5.2–6.2); length of head: male 2.1 (1.9–2.3); width of head including eyes: 4.1 (3.8–4.3); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 4.8 (4.3–5.5); width of mesonotum: male 4.4 (4.1–4.8). Notes. — Proarna parva sp. n. is from the Yunga and Chaco floristic provinces (Sanborn et al. 2011a).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125

Fidicina torresi Boulard & Martinelli 1996

Fidicina torresi Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 Fidicina torresi Boulard & Martinelli 1996: 27. Type locality. Punto Bemberg, Misiones, Argentina. Remarks. This includes previous references to Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) from Misiones (e.g., Torres, 1946; Sanborn et al. 1995b). The species is now known from Argentina (Boulard & Martinelli 1996), Brazil (Sanborn 2008a), and Paraguay (Sanborn 2011). We collected the species in the middle levels of the Paranense floristic province (Sanborn et al. 2011a) the species is endothermic (Sanborn et al. 1995b).Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F. & Heath, Maxine S., 2014, The cicadas of Argentina with new records, a new genus and fifteen new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 3883 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3883.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/495125