Patient characteristics at 34 weeks gestation and six months post-partum.

a<p>Median value (interquartile range).</p>b<p>Median % of samples with detected concentration of marker (95% CI).</p>c<p><i>P</i>-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed-rank test between timepoints.</p

Changes in inflammatory marker concentrations between the third trimester and six months postpartum.

<p>The effect of time between enrolment (antepartum) and six months postpartum on inflammatory marker levels – either as absolute concentrations or percentage of women with detectable marker expression – was tested using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). Time and time*group interaction terms are reported, adjusted for CD4 and viral load at enrolment, and whether HAART was initiated between sampling times.</p

Case diagnoses.

a<p>One participant additional diagnosis of gangrene, the other rectal divercation one month later.</p>b<p>Previous diagnosis with ovarian cyst.</p>c<p>Three months later sepsis.</p>d<p>One simultaneously diagnosed with gastroenteritis, another later diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.</p>e<p>Two participants with TB-related diagnoses had multiple diagnoses at the same visit (lymphadenitis, pleural effusion); one participant had an additional diagnosis of cervicitis 15 months later and meningococcal meningitis 32 months later.</p

Case-Control Study for Association of Inflammatory Marker Concentration and Major Adverse Clinical Events.

a<p>The model fit was a proportional hazards Cox model with appropriate weighting for the case-cohort design.</p>b<p><i>P</i>-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed rank (continuous) or Chi-Square (dichotomous) test.</p>c<p>Adjusted for maternal age, calendar time of delivery, feeding strategy, HIV RNA load and CD4 count at 6 months post-partum.</p

Selection of subcohorts.

<p>For Aim 1, we selected at random 86 women from the breastfeeding and 75 women from the formula-feeding arms of the Mashi Study. For Aim 2, a case was defined as a woman who had a six-month postpartum sample available, and experienced a major adverse clinical event after, but not before, eight months postpartum. Women randomly selected for Aim 1 who did not experience any adverse clinical events comprised the controls for Aim 2.</p

Shows a reduction in the relative false-recency rate when viral load information is added to the combination LAg plus PwD screening.

<p>The figure shows how additional biomarker information can be used to improve the combination screening procedure for the 130-day cut-off. We hypothesize that treatment naïve participants with viral loads ≤1000 copies/mL are more likely to be recently infected with HIV. Results show an rFRR estimate of 38.1% (95% CI: 15.8–88.6) at a 90% sensitivity level. Since we are interested in the reduction of the rFRR by the PwD assay, we subtract this estimate from 100%. Thus, the PwD assay reduces the rFRR by 61.9% (or by at least 11.4% given an upper bound of the 95% CI) while maintaining a LAg sensitivity of 90% for the subsample of VL <1000 copies/mL specimens. The figure displays both ROC curves for the viral load covariate and the corresponding rFRR estimates (displayed by the dotted vertical lines).</p

Association of viral load and CD4 count with cytokine expression.

<p>Viral load (red) is shown on the left y axis, and CD4 count (blue) on the right y axis. (a) association with cytokine expression at enrollment; (b) association with cytokine expression at six months postpartum.</p

Area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) graph comparing the accuracy of the PwD, BED, and LAg assays in identifying HIV infection recency.

<p>Area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) graph comparing the accuracy of the PwD, BED, and LAg assays in identifying HIV infection recency.</p

Combination assay screening to identify HIV infection recency for the 130 and 180-day cut-offs periods.

<p>Combination assay screening to identify HIV infection recency for the 130 and 180-day cut-offs periods.</p

Participant and covariate characteristics.

<p>Participant and covariate characteristics.</p