How India can benefit from FDI: lessons from China

This Perspective responds to Sauvant and Allman’s Perspective about what India can learn from China. Their Perspective focuses on FDI attraction and liberalization. However, the better lesson from China is to use industrial policies. This Perspective explores India’s options, given the restrictions placed on their use under international agreements

Industrial Policy and Global Value Chains: The experience of Guangdong, China and Malaysia in the Electronics Industry

Research on Global Value Chains (GVC) and their potential for encouraging industrial upgrading in developing economies has proliferated during the last two decades, but an in-depth understanding of what the scope for implementing industrial policy is in the GVC context is lacking in the literature. This thesis aims to fill this gap by creating a theoretical framework to link the theory of industrial policy with that of GVCs with insights from the innovation economics literature. Using a mixed methods approach (interviews to key actors, archival research, analyses of official documents and descriptive statistical analyses), the framework is then used to examine the empirical case studies of industrial policy in the electronics industry in Guangdong province of China and in Malaysia. While integration into GVCs can provide firms with some opportunities for upgrading, developing country firms often find it difficult to accumulate enough capabilities to operate in the technological frontier, even after decades of supplying lead firms. Drawing on three literatures (industrial policy, GVCs and technological capabilities), this thesis argues that in the absence of industrial policy to provide incentives for investing the accumulation of capabilities and to build a domestic system of innovation, it is difficult for firms to overcome the market failures associated with industrialization and technological learning. The two case studies provide further evidence that industrial policy remains relevant for contemporary industrial development. Both Guangdong province and Malaysia attempted to leverage integration into GVCs to promote the development of an electronics industry, but while Guangdong has developed indigenous firms with high-tech capabilities, in Malaysia the industry remains technologically weak and lacks indigenous firms with advanced capabilities. This thesis argues that Guangdong followed a mixed strategy, where both integration at the lower end of export-oriented GVCs and engaging in import-substitution were leveraged to improve the technological capabilities of firms. However, the lack of access to credit for the private sector and the lack of research capabilities in the public sector may constrain the future development of the industry. In Malaysia, industrial policy focused on attracting export-oriented foreign direct investments (FDI) and increasing the sophistication of foreign subsidiaries. Efforts to encourage indigenous firm development lacked coherence, consistence and adequate resources, leading to poor results. This meant that the few indigenous firms developed capabilities to become GVC suppliers and those that did, lacked sufficient incentives and resources to scale up and develop more sophisticated capabilities. At the same time, Transnational Corporations (TNCs) continued to be reluctant to shift frontier activities to the country. As a result, the industry in Malaysia has struggled to enhance its position in GVCs and has faced pressures from emerging, low-cost locations in the region.Cambridge University, Clare Hall, the Vergottis Foundation, the Karelia Foundation, the Centre of Development Studies and the Faculty of Department of Politics and International Studies (POLIS) provided me with generous financial support to undertake this Ph.D. This work was also supported by the Smuts Memorial Fund, managed by the University of Cambridge in memory of Jan Christiaan Smuts

印度如何从外商直接投资中获益：来自中国的经验

This Perspective responds to Sauvant and Allman’s Perspective about what India can learn from China. Their Perspective focuses on FDI attraction and liberalization. However, the better lesson from China is to use industrial policies. This Perspective explores India’s options, given the restrictions placed on their use under international agreements

Role of Receptor Profiling for Personalized Therapy in a Patient with a Growth Hormone-Secreting Macroadenoma Resistant to First-Generation Somatostatin Analogues

Background: Acromegaly is almost always caused by a pituitary adenoma and is associated with high morbidity and mortality when uncontrolled. Trans-sphenoidal removal of the adenoma is the mainstay of therapy, but fails to control the disease in a significant number of patients who require further treatment. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) as monotherapy or in combination with growth hormone (GH)-receptor antagonists and/or dopamine agonists are used either alone or in combination following surgical failure to achieve disease control. The use of specific biomarkers may help to individualize the therapeutic plan after surgical failure and direct towards a more personalized approach. Methods: We report a 41-year-old man with acromegaly and residual disease after repeated surgery that was resistant to first-generation SSAs. Results: Biochemical and tumor control were achieved following the administration of a second-generation SSA, pasireotide, combined with pegvisomant, both at maximal doses and along with cabergoline. Histology specimens showed a sparsely-granulated GH-immunostaining pituitary adenoma with intense positivity for somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 and low levels of E-cadherin. Conclusion: Personalized medical therapy guided by currently available biomarkers, such as immunohistochemically-characterized receptor profiling or adhesion molecules, resulted in controlled insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and GH levels and symptom alleviation following the combination of three drug-classes

Membranous nephropathy and lupus-like syndrome after hematopoietic cell transplantation: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>The kidney is increasingly recognised as a target organ of chronic graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation in the context of the development of the nephrotic syndrome. Chronic graft-versus-host disease is associated with autoimmune phenomena similar, but not identical, to those observed in various rheumatologic disorders, implicating autoimmunity as an important component of the disease.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 57-year-old Caucasian man who developed the nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy in association with recurrent chronic graft-versus-host disease, along with a lupus-like syndrome manifested with pancytopenia, hair loss, positive anti-DNA antibodies and sub-epithelial and mesangial immune deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. The nephrotic syndrome subsided soon after he was treated with a short course of cyclosporin with steroids. Unfortunately he died seven months later due to a relapse of leukemia.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our case report confirms the notion that chronic graft-versus-host disease is characterized by the appearance of autoimmune phenomena similar, but not identical, to those seen in autoimmune diseases. The decision for more immunosuppression has to be weighed against the need for preservation of the graft versus leukemia phenomenon.</p

Triazole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola : status, genetic basis and effects of low doses and mixtures

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Blocking glomerular immunoglobulin deposits in a mouse model of lupus nephritis on indirect immunofluorescence with the use of Fab fragments

One of the most characterized models of murine lupus nephritis is the [NZB x NZW] F1 female hybrid. Extended glomerular IgG deposits may pose an obstacle in studying molecules of interest via indirect immunofluorescence due to secondary antibodies non-specific binding to deposited IgG molecules. Application of Fab fragments may mitigate non-specific interactions in this mouse model. Specifically we provide evidence that blocking paratopic interactions of secondary antibodies with indigenous glomerular IgG deposits is possible. However the blocking effect seems to be related to the species used for secondary antibody production. Increased secondary antibody host species homology with the mouse could make blocking of non-specific binding via the use of Fab fragments impossible in this mouse model. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic and molecular markers of neuroendocrine neoplasms

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system located in many sites amongst which most common are the gastrointestinal (GI) system and the lung. The efforts to assess the specific site of origin or predict the biological behavior of NENs is based upon a detailed study of neoplasm&apos;s architectural pattern, immunohistochemical, genetic and molecular profile. Immunohistochemistry is used to characterize the aggressivity of NENs, by assessing the proliferation index Ki-67, as well as the neuroendocrine differentiation by assessing chromogranin A (CgA) and CD56. Basal panels of immunohistochemical markers such as CDX-2, Isl-1, TTF-1, PAX6/8 are currently being used to allocate the neoplasms, while in dubious cases new markers are investigating. Unraveling the genetic and molecular mechanisms of NENs pathogenesis along with shedding light on the molecular heterogeneity of neoplasms and the individual patterns of molecular lesions, underlining these neoplasms may provide new tools in terms of diagnostics and therapeutics. Molecular targeted therapies (MTTs) such as everolimus and sunitinib have been the first example of druggable molecular targets implicated in NENs that have been approved for NEN treatment. New investigational drugs are developing along with genetic tests that may allow the identification of the specific subset of patients that will respond to each individual MTT. Multiparametrical molecular and genetic analysis such as the NETest and the MASTER are already in trials shedding light in a step-by-step management of NENs that allow not only the selection of an appropriate therapeutic option but also the identification of response to treatment or early relapse allowing an early amendment of the strategy. Summarizing the combination of histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic and molecular profile of a NEN opens new horizons in the efficient management of NENs

Rapamycin Ameliorates Proteinuria and Restores Nephrin and Podocin Expression in Experimental Membranous Nephropathy

Objective. Recent studies have shown a beneficial effect of rapamycin in passive and active Heymann Nephritis (HN). However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect have not been elucidated. Methods. Passive Heymann Nephritis (PHN) was induced by a single intravenous infusion of anti-Fx1 in 12 Sprague-Dawley male rats. One week later, six of these rats were commenced on daily treatment with subcutaneous rapamycin 0.5 mgr/kg (PHN-Rapa). The remaining six rats were used as the proteinuric control group (PHN) while six more rats without PHN were given the rapamycin solvent and served as the healthy control group (HC). All rats were sacrificed at the end of the 7th week. Results. Rapamycin significantly reduced proteinuria during the autologous phase of PHN. Histological lesions were markedly improved by rapamycin. Immunofluorescence revealed attenuated deposits of autologous alloantibodies in treated rats. Untreated rats showed decreased glomerular content of both nephrin and podocin whereas rapamycin restored their expression. Conclusions. Rapamycin monotherapy significantly improves proteinuria and histological lesions in experimental membranous nephropathy. This beneficial effect may be mediated by inhibition of the alloimmune response during the autologous phase of PHN and by restoration of the normal expression of the podocyte proteins nephrin and podocin