Clinical repercussions of Martin-Gruber anastomosis: anatomical study

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to describe Martin-Gruber anastomosis anatomically and to recognize its clinical repercussions.Method100 forearms of 50 adult cadavers were dissected in an anatomy laboratory. The dissection was performed by means of a midline incision along the entire forearm and the lower third of the upper arm. Two flaps including skin and subcutaneous tissue were folded back on the radial and ulnar sides, respectively.ResultsNerve communication between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm (Martin-Gruber anastomosis) was found in 27 forearms. The anastomosis was classified into six types: type I: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve (n=9); type II: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve at two points (double anastomosis) (n=2); type III: anastomosis between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve (n=4); type IV: anastomosis between branches of the median nerve and ulnar nerve heading toward the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of the fingers; these fascicles form a loop with distal convexity (n=5); type V: intramuscular anastomosis (n=5); and type VI: anastomosis between a branch of the median nerve to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and the ulnar nerve (n=2).ConclusionKnowledge of the anatomical variations relating to the innervation of the hand has great importance, especially with regard to physical examination, diagnosis, prognosis and surgical treatment. If these variations are not given due regard, errors and other consequences will be inevitable

Taguchi loss function applied in the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed with different additions of yeast in the diet

Foram utilizados 72 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, sexualmente revertidos, com peso médio inicial de 37,27 ± 4,92 g, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, durante 112 dias. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da introdução de gaiolas com cultivo de tilápias alimentados com 0% (controle), 20%, 40% e 60% (grupos teste) de levedura em substituição à ração de fontes tradicionais sobre o peso, a sobrevivência e conversão alimentar e também verificou se há diferença entre a função perda de Taguchi para a produção total, para os peixes mortos e descartados e as quatro rações balanceadas. A análise de variância foi aplicada mostrando que não houve diferenças estatísticas (p > 0,05) entre os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a sobrevivência e conversão alimentar, mas houve efeito quadrático sobre o ganho de peso das tilápias (Y = 73,39 + 0.173X – 0.0034X2; R2 = 0,9986), concluindo que o melhor nível de inclusão de levedura como fonte protéica na dieta para juvenis revertidos é de 25,44%. As perdas de Taguchi para os custos de produção e para os peixes mortos nos tratamentos T2 = 20%, T3 = 40% e T4 = 60% foram menores que o grupo controle (T1 = 0%). Este resultado confirma o direcionamento da inclusão de levedura de destilaria em substituição a ração de origem tradicional.The experiment was based on observations of 72 juveniles of tilapias of Nile, Oreochromis niloticus, sexually reverted, with an initial medium weight of 37.27 ± 4.92 g, distributed in a completely randomized design for 112 days. This work has evaluated the effect of the introduction of cages with cultivation of tilapia fed 0% (control), 20%, 40% and 60% (groups test) of yeast replacing the traditional sources of diet on weight, survival and feed conversion and also there is no difference between the loss function of Taguchi to the total for the dead fish and discarded and the four balanced rations. The analysis of variance was applied showing that there were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the effects of treatments on the survival and feed conversion, but there was a quadratic effect on weight gain of tilapia (Y = 73.39 + 0.173X – 0.0034X2, R2 = 0.9986), concluding that the best level of inclusion of yeast as protein source for juvenile is reversed 25.44%. Taguchi’s loss for the cost of production and for the dead fishes in the treatment T2 = 20%, T3 = 40% and T4 = 60% were lower the group control (T1 = 0%). This result confirms the direction of inclusion of distillers yeast in place of traditional feed source

Performance de crescimento de diferentes linhagens de tilápia-do-nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757), em gaiolas

The aim of this study was to verify the growth performance of different strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in individual cages installed in the laboratory of Universidade Estadual de Londrina (Paraná, Brazil). The strain from Thailand, the local strain of the northern Paraná and their hybrid (Thailand male x local female) were studied. The experiment was carried out in 36 individual cages with controlled water quality and water temperature. The initial weight was 37.20 4.83; 35.05 3.56 and 35.52 4.19g for Thailand, hybrid and local strains respectively. At the end of the experiment the weights were 64.08 12.16; 53.36 10.08 and 52.73 7.92g for the same previous sequence. The condition factor (Kn) estimated for the different strains showed no difference (p>0.05). Primer software was used for variance analysis and for Student Newman Keuls test. The Thailand strain presented the best growth performance (p>0.05), but no significant difference was found between local and hybrid strains.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a performance de crescimento de diferentes linhagens de tilápia-do-nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, em gaiolas individuais instaladas em laboratório na Universidade Estadual de Londrina-PR. Foram estudadas linhagem proveniente da Tailândia, linhagem local do norte do Paraná e o seu híbrido (macho tailandês x fêmea local). O experimento foi conduzido em 36 gaiolas individuais com qualidade e temperatura da água controladas. O peso inicial para as tilápias foi de 37,20 4,83; 35,05 3,56 e 35,52 4,19 g para as variedades tailandesa, híbrida e local, respectivamente. Ao final, foram observados pesos de 64,09 12,16; 53,36 10,08 e 52,73 7,92 g para a mesma ordem anteriormente descrita. O fator de condição (Kn) calculado para as diferentes variedades não apresentou diferenças (p>0,05). Foi utilizado o programa Primer para a análise de variância e para o teste de Student Newman Keuls. A linhagem tailandesa apresentou o melhor crescimento (

Karyotypical characterization from stock of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, at Londrina State University, PR, Brazil, through several techniques of chromosomes band

Foram analisados citogeneticamente 14 indivíduos de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus que fazem parte do estoque de reposição de reprodutores da Estação de Piscicultura da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram o mesmo número diplóide de 44 cromossomos. As NORs foram observadas em quatro cromossomos com marcações em posição terminal do braço curto e a hibridação “in situ” (FISH) com sonda de 18S também evidenciou a presença de dois pares de cromossomos contendo cístrons ribossômicos. O tratamento com os fluorocromos CMA3 e DAPI, respectivamente, não mostrou bandas brilhantes em nenhum cromossomo do complemento. A Banda C (CBG) evidenciou, regiões de heterocromatina distribuídas em vários cromossomos nas regiões centroméricas, sendo observadas algumas marcações em regiões teloméricas, principalmente no maior par de cromossomos do complemento, um par apresentou-se quase totalmente heterocromático. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os dados disponíveis na literatura, porém, quando analisadas as bandas C e as NORs, foram evidenciadas algumas diferenças que aparentemente caracterizam a população local de peixes da Universidade Estadual de Londrina.14 specimens of Nile’s tilapia were analyzed cytogenetically, Oreochromis niloticus, that belong to the stock of fish breeding from the Freshwater Aquaculture Station of the Londrina State University in the Paraná, Brazil. All specimens presented the same disploid number of 44 chromosomes. The NORs were observed in four chromosomes with marks in terminal position of the short arm and the hybridization “in situ” (FISH) with probe of 18 S also evidenced the presence of two pairs of chromosomes containing ribbosomic cistrons. The treatment with the fluochromes CMA3 and DAPI, respectively, didn’t show shinning bands in any chromosome of the complement. The band C (CBG) evidenced regions of heterochromatin distributed on several chromosomes in the centromeric regions, being observed some marks in telomeric regions, mainly on the biggest pair of chromosomes of the complement, a pair presented itself almost totally heterochromatic. The obtained results are in accordance with the data found in literature, nevertheless when the C bands and NORs were analyzed, were evidenced some differences that apparently characterized the local fish population of the Londrina State University. Key words: Cytogenetics, Oreochromis niloticus, NORs, CMA3, DAPI, fish, heterochromatin

Morphometrics, fillet yield and fillet composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, strains thai chitralada, Brazil local and their hybrid/ <br> Características morfométricas, rendimento e composição do filé de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, da linhagem tailandesa, local e do cruzamento de ambas

Morphometrics, fillet yield and fillet composition differences were researched in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, strain thai-chitralada (Tai), Brazil (Local) Northern Paraná and their hybrid (Hbr, male Thailand x Brazilians female ). The experiment was designed entirely randomly with three treatments (strains) andthree repetitions per treatment in hapa nets in ponds. The initial weights were 0.39 ± 0.20, 0.45 ± 0.22 and 0.41 ± 0.15 g for the strains Tai, Bras and Hbr, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the weights were 650.67, 534.25 and 360.00 g for the same previous sequence, with statistically significant differencesbetween groups (P<0.05). Four morphometric proportions were established to characterise each group.For the ratio (head height)/(head length), the Tai strain was largest (P<0.05) as compared to the two other strains. The other morphometric proportions were not different (P>0.05). The strain Hbr produced (P<0.05) greater fillet yield (39.05%) when compared to Local (38.00 %) and Tai (36.51 %), the latter two were not different from each other (P>0.05). Considering fillet composition, Local strain had the least crude lipid content of (1.88 %), as compared to Hbr (2.44 %) and Tai (2.96 %) which were significantly different (P<0.05). Crude protein, ash and moisture of the fillets were not different (P> 0.05).<p><p>As características morfométricas, rendimento e a composição do filé foram pesquisadas em tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus, das linhagens tailandesa chitralada (Tai), local (Local, Norte do Paraná, Brasil), e da proveniente do cruzamento de ambas (Hbr, macho tailandesa x fêmea local). Ao início do experimento os peixes (n: 900) apresentavam peso de 0,39 ± 0,20; 0,41 ± 0,22 e 0,45 ± 0,15 g e ao final 650,67; 534,25 e 360,00 g para as variedades Tai, Local e Hbr, respectivamente. Foram estabelecidas quatro razões morfométricas, sendo que a razão entre a altura da cabeça/ comprimento da cabeça da variedade Tai foi maior (P 0,05). A composição centesimal do filé da linhagem Local apresentou menor teor de lipídeos (1,88%) (P < 0,05) quando comparada à Hbr (2,44%) e Tai (2,96%), que também diferiram entre si, com menor teor de lipídeos para a Hbr (P < 0,05). O teor em proteína bruta, cinzas e umidade do filé não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre as variedades