2 research outputs found
General Acid-Type Catalysis in the Dehydrative Aromatization of Furans to Aromatics in H‑[Al]-BEA, H‑[Fe]-BEA, H‑[Ga]-BEA, and H-[B]-BEA Zeolites
Al, Ga, Fe, and B
metal substituents have been examined for their
ability to change the Brønsted acid strength of BEA zeolite and
inhibit undesired hydrolysis in the production of aromatics from furan,
2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran. We employed electronic structure
calculations to examine this series of furans in H-[Al]-, H-[Fe]-,
H-[Ga]-, and H-[B]-BEA zeolites. These calculations were used to parametrize
a microkinetic model to make direct comparisons to experiments run
with furan and DMF in the weakest and strongest acid zeolites, H-[B]-BEA
and H-[Al]-BEA, respectively. Electronic structure calculations revealed
that the Diels–Alder reaction remains unaffected by changes
to the Brønsted acid strength of the zeolite, whereas the dehydration
and hydrolysis reactions are affected in a fashion reminiscent of
general acid catalysis. Interestingly, despite its significantly lower
acid strength, H-[B]-BEA was experimentally shown to have an activity
similar to that of H-[Al]-BEA for the production of both benzene and <i>p</i>-xylene from furan and 2,5-dimethylfuran, respectively.
Analysis with the microkinetic model revealed that, even with this
weaker heterogeneous acid site, the dehydration reaction is sufficiently
catalyzed, activating the aromatic production pathway. The use of
a weaker, heterogeneous Brønsted-acidic zeolite did not have
a significant effect on the product selectivity, however, indicating
that the same reaction pathways are active with both catalysts
Tunable Oleo-Furan Surfactants by Acylation of Renewable Furans
An
important advance in fluid surface control was the amphiphilic
surfactant composed of coupled molecular structures (i.e., hydrophilic
and hydrophobic) to reduce surface tension between two distinct fluid
phases. However, implementation of simple surfactants has been hindered
by the broad range of applications in water containing alkaline earth
metals (i.e., hard water), which disrupt surfactant function and require
extensive use of undesirable and expensive chelating additives. Here
we show that sugar-derived furans can be linked with triglyceride-derived
fatty acid chains via Friedel–Crafts acylation within single
layer (SPP) zeolite catalysts. These alkylfuran surfactants independently
suppress the effects of hard water while simultaneously permitting
broad tunability of size, structure, and function, which can be optimized
for superior capability for forming micelles and solubilizing in water