Performance of rice cultivars with the use of growth‑regulators in different cropping systems

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de reguladores de crescimento sobre o estabelecimento inicial e o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de arroz irrigado, em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado e em campo, com as cultivares Irga 424 e Irga 425, e os produtos ácido giberélico, tiametoxam e Haf Plus. Em campo, os tratamentos foram testados nos sistemas de cultivo convencional e pré‑germinado. Em ambiente controlado, as substâncias avaliadas promoveram a germinação de Irga 425, com incremento de 50% na germinação com o uso de tiametoxam, e de 39% com Haf Plus e ácido giberélico. Em campo, esse desempenho foi dependente do sistema de cultivo e da cultivar utilizada. O ácido giberélico causou estiolamento inicial, com reflexos na estatura da planta, na emissão de perfilhos e na deposição de biomassa vegetal. Tiametoxam e Haf Plus estimularam o perfilhamento das cultivares de arroz, nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Apesar de todos os produtos estimularem o número de panículas por metro quadrado, sua influência na produtividade de grãos não foi observada nos sistemas avaliados.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of growth‑regulating substances on initial establishment and agronomic performance of irrigated rice cultivars, in different cropping systems. The experiment was carried out in controlled environment and in field conditions, using the cultivars Irga 424 and Irga 425, and the products gibberellic acid, thiamethoxam and Haf Plus. At field, treatments were tested with conventional and pre‑germinated sowing systems. In the controlled environment, the evaluated substances promoted the germination of Irga 425, with an increase of 50% in germination with the use of thiamethoxam and of 39% with Haf Plus and gibberellic acid. In the field, this performance was dependent on the system and the cultivar used. Gibberellic acid caused initial blanching, which reflected in plant height, tiller emission, and deposition of vegetal biomass. Thiamethoxam and Haf Plus stimulated tillering of rice cultivars in both cultivation systems. Although all the products stimulated the number of panicles per square meter, there is no influence on grain yield in the evaluated systems

Physiological responses of rice cultivars exposed to different temperatures and flood depths in a water seeded system

Abstract Temperature and flood depths influence the growth and development of irrigated rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial response of two rice genotypes on oxidative stress, growth and nitrogen accumulation of rice seedlings under different temperatures and flood depths in a water seeded system. The study was conducted in 2012 using a phytotron chamber. Treatments were a combination of two air temperatures regimes (17 and 20°C), two rice genotypes (IRGA 425 and Epagri114) and three flood dephs (1, 5 and 9 cm). The results showed that temperature affected seedling performance, with greater dry mass for roots and shoots, as well as greater nitrogen accumulation at 20°C at a flood depth of 1 cm for both genotypes. The H 2 O 2 concentration in the root increased with increasing flood depth, with a significantly greater increase for the 114 Epagri genotype. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) varied depending on the genotype, with SOD being the most expressive, increasing its activity with increasing flood depth. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased significantly with increasing flood depth, with less interference for IRGA 425. Temperature and flood depth affected nitrogen absorption, dry matter accumulation and oxidative stress in rice seedlings in the system tested. The lowest stresses were observed in rice plants subjected to the flood depth of 1 cm at 20 °C, and cultivar IRGA 425 was more tolerant to increased depth of water when compared to cultivar Epagri 114

Fungicide and insecticide residues in rice grains

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to analyse residues of fungicides and insecticides in rice grains that were subjected to different forms of processing. Field work was conducted during three crop seasons, and fungicides and insecticides were applied at different crop growth stages on the aerial portion of the rice plants. Azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin fungicides were sprayed only once at the R2 growth stage or twice at the R2 and R4 growth stages; cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, and thiamethoxam insecticides were sprayed at the R2 growth stage; and permethrin was sprayed at 5-day intervals from the R4 growth stage up to one day prior to harvest. Pesticide residues were analysed in uncooked, cooked, parboiled, polished and brown rice grains as well as rice hulls during the three crop seasons, for a total of 1,458 samples. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) using modified QuEChERS as the extraction method. No fungicide or insecticide residues were detected in rice grain samples; however, azoxystrobin and cypermethrin residues were detected in rice hull samples

Germinação de arroz irrigado e de biótipos de arroz-vermelho submetidas a diferentes temperaturas

O arroz-vermelho é a principal planta daninha do arroz irrigado, pois afeta a produtividade e qualidade. Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes temperaturas na dinâmica de germinação do genótipo de arroz Puitá INTA CL e de biótipos de arroz-vermelho, com e sem superação da dormência. O trabalho foi realizado em 2011, em câmara B.O.D e Fitotron na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O fator (A) foi composto pelas temperaturas 13; 17; 21 e 25 ºC e o fator (D) pela cultivar Puitá INTA CL e três biótipos com e sem dormência. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros: germinação de sementes (GS), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), coeficiente de uniformidade de emergência (CUE) e comprimento da parte aérea (CPA). Ocorreu aumento da GS, do IVE, do CUE e do CPA dos biótipos de arroz-vermelho com o aumento da temperatura de 13 ºC para 25 ºC. Nas temperaturas de 13 e 17 ºC o genótipo apresentou germinação 64% maior que a média dos biótipos sem superação da dormência, já aos 21 e 25 ºC foi de 11% apenas. Os biótipos apresentaram germinação 56% maior nas temperaturas de 21 e 25 ºC, comparado aos 13 e 17 ºC. As temperaturas de 13 e 17 ºC causam menor germinação de arroz-vermelho sem superação de dormência. Como estratégia de controle de arroz-vermelho em áreas de arroz irrigado, é recomendado priorizar a semeadura do arroz no início da época recomendada (setembro e início de outubro), período em que as temperaturas do ar e do solo são mais baixas

Manejo do azevém no estabelecimento inicial de plantas, na ciclagem de nutrientes e no rendimento de grãos do arroz irrigado

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos da cultura do azevém na entressafra do arroz irrigado, sobre o estabelecimento inicial de plantas, a ciclagem de nutrientes e o rendimento de grãos de arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em área de várzea sistematizada durante os anos agrícolas de 2010/11 e 2011/12, sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições com os tratamentos constituídos por: épocas de dessecação do azevém, antecedendo a semeadura do arroz, pousio e retirada da palha através da produção de feno de azevém. Há redução do estande inicial de plantas de arroz irrigado à medida que a dessecação do azevém se aproxima da semeadura do arroz. A utilização do azevém em áreas de várzea intensifica a ciclagem de nutrientes, mas recomenda-se que, em azevém não pastejado, a dessecação seja realizada com antecedência de 60 dias antes da semeadura do arroz irrigado para não prejudicar o rendimento de grãos do mesmo. A produção de feno de azevém é uma alternativa viável para a entressafra em áreas de várzea, pois não prejudica o estabelecimento inicial de plantas de arroz irrigado

Physical Properties and Crop Management for Corn in an Albaqualf

ABSTRACT Rice monoculture in lowlands can cause problems for management practices in crop fields, for example, in weed control. For this reason, corn in rotation with irrigated rice in lowlands may be advantageous, despite problems with soil compaction and water excess. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and corn performance in soil management systems in an Albaqualf soil (lowlands). Two experiments were conducted in the field, in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two factors. There were three levels for the first factor, consisting of soil management practices: soil chiseling 45 days before sowing to a depth of 0.3 m; conventional tillage with two diskings to a depth of 0.1 m and subsequent leveling of the soil; and no-till. The second factor was composed of two levels: sowing on raised seedbeds, and without raised seedbeds. The soil parameters of bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, volumetric moisture, and soil resistance to mechanical penetration (RP) were evaluated. The corn parameters were plant height, shoot dry matter, leaf area, height of the first ear of corn, grains per ear, and grain yield. Soil chiseling resulted in lower RP and higher macroporosity in the 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m layers. In raised seedbeds, the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m layers were lower in RP and bulk density. Moreover, higher soil macroporosity was observed in relation to the treatment without raised seedbeds. In general, the highest grain yields were found in the treatments with lower RP and higher macroporosity in the root system region. Increased porosity accelerated water drainage in the soil, reducing the time that soil airspace was filled with water, which is a limiting factor for root development. In Albaqualf soils, planting corn in chiseled soil provides higher corn yields compared to conventional tillage, and planting corn on raised seedbeds provides higher corn yields compared to the lack of raised seedbeds