Development Trajectories, Emission Profile, and Policy Actions: Singapore

Singapore is the most industrialized and urbanized country in Southeast Asia and is totally dependent on oil and natural gas imports to satisfy its energy needs. Its national energy policy framework seeks to find a balance between maintaining Singapore's competitiveness, improving energy security, and enhancing environmental sustainability. In this paper, we discuss where Singapore stands with regard to its energy consumption and CO2 emissions, its energy policies to date, and those that will be implemented in the near future. We use a Singapore Energy- Economy model based on the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) framework to assess the impact of energy efficiency and conservation policies on Singapore's energy intensity and CO2 emissions through to 2050. We also discuss the challenges that Singapore will face on account of climate change policies affecting key sectors of its economy. We find that Singapore has achieved much progress over the past four decades. Prudent energy policies and a changing economic structure have led to more efficient use of energy as evidenced by Singapore's declining energy intensity. There is considerable uncertainty as to the evolution of a global agreement on CO2 emissions reductions and the exact nature of the commitments that countries will be held to. Given Singapore's status as a preeminent shipping center and global oil refining center, CO2 emissions policies that will affect these industries will impact Singapore's economy if issues of "carbon leakage" are not adequately addressed

Komunitas Cacing Tanah Pada Beberapa Penggunaan Lahan Gambut Di Kalimantan Tengah (Earthworms Community on Several Land Uses of Peat Land in Central Kalimantan)

Peat land has specific character, depends on depth of peat and peat decomposition rale.Earthworms has a role in decomposition,carbon cycle, nutrient redistribution, bioturbation and cycle of nutrient.The aim of the research was to identify the population and diversity of earthworms on peat soil in central Kalimantan and to get species of dominant earthworm in peat land.The research was carried out in several peat land use in Basarang and Kalampangan, Central Kalimantan within dry and rainy season.The collection of earthworms was by using hand sorting method. The result showed that population of earthworms on mulch was higher than the deep peat.Land use influenced population and diversity of earthworm. The population and diversity of earthworms were highest on pineapple (shallow peat soil).The dominant species earthworm in peat land was I'omoscolex corethurus

Makna Kesejahteraan pada Guru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini

Kajian kesejahteraan pada guru anak usia dini belum banyak dikaji. Pemaknaan mengenai kesejahteraan psikologis pada guru akan memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana guru memaknai kesejahteraan terhadap profesinya. Penelitian menggunakan metode Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) untuk memahami bagaimana guru memaknai kesejahteraan. Partisipan melibatkan 5 narasumber guru Taman Kanak – Kanak di Kota Semarang yang sekolahnya memperoleh akreditasi A dan telah bekerja minimal 5 tahun. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan wawancara semi terstruktur.Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa kesejahteraan bagi guru pendidikan usia dini mengacu pada perasaan bahagia dan tercukupi dalam menjalankan perannya sehingga mampu mengarahkannya pada pencapaian yang lebih baik. Kesejahteraan ini muncul dari rasa dicintai oleh siswa, teman guru dan orang tua; rasa dihargai; dan adanya rasa didukung. Perasaan sejahtera hadir semakin kuat apabila disertai rasa syukur dan adanya tujuan yang akan dicapai dan memberikan dampak positif bagi sekitar. Pemahaman ini akan membantu dalam proses diskusi mengenai pemetaan kebutuhan guru dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis