4 research outputs found

    THE USE OF THE O-ARM® OR RADIOSCOPE IN SPINE SURGERY: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS

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    ABSTRACT The great advances in using new devices and imaging systems in surgeries aim to reproduce an ideal and safe scenario for the surgeon, the team, and the patient. New systems and devices are constantly available to demonstrate and facilitate intraoperative navigation, thereby reducing errors and avoiding complications for the patient and staff. This study evaluates and compares using the O-arm® system and radioscopy in the freehand technique in spine surgeries. For this, searches were conducted in PubMed and Embase for randomized and non-randomized studies using the O-arm® system and radioscopy in spine surgery. Twenty-four studies were included and compared regarding procedure time, accuracy of implant positioning, effective radiation dose, safety, and efficacy. In one study, the O-arm® group showed a shorter surgical time when compared to the freehand technique (222.5 min. [SD=38.0] vs. 255.2 min. [SD=40.3], p=0.011, respectively). In two studies, the freehand technique resulted in a lower effective radiation dose for patients. In 12 studies, a higher incidence of complications was observed among patients undergoing surgery with the freehand technique. It was concluded that using the O-arm® is associated with a reduction in malposition of implants and more safety for instrumented procedures. Still, no evidence exists that its use can result in less surgical time. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic Analysis and Studies, Investigation of a Diagnostic Test

    Economic analysis of denosumab and bisphosphonates for the treatment of patients with bone metastases

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    Introdução: Metástases ósseas são prevalentes em pacientes com câncer avançado e podem causar prejuízos significativos na qualidade de vida do doente. O tratamento consiste no controle da dor e na prevenção de Eventos Relacionados ao Esqueleto (ERE), complicações altamente limitantes e de impacto multidimensional. Na prevenção de ERE são utilizados bisfosfonatos e denosumabe, medicamentos de uso crônico e de alto custo, os quais requerem avaliações de custo-efetividade, sobretudo para auxiliar decisões que envolvem alocação de recursos públicos. Objetivo: Realizar análise econômica de medicamentos alvo-específicos usados no tratamento de pacientes com metástases ósseas. Método: Trata-se de uma Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS) em que se realizou Análise de Custo-Efetividade (ACE) e de impacto orçamentário (AIO), sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde, com horizonte temporal de dois anos. Os dados relativos a custos foram provenientes de bases de dados nacionais. Informações relativas à efetividade, medida pela proporção de pacientes livres de ERE derivou-se de revisões sistemáticas. Na ACE, desenvolveram-se dois modelos de Markov, a saber: pacientes com câncer de mama, cujo tratamento foi baseado no uso de denosumabe, ácido zoledrônico ou pamidronato; e para Outros Tumores Sólidos (OTS), baseado no uso de denosumabe ou ácido zoledrônico. Nestes modelos, considerou-se quatro estados de saúde (com/sem ERE, novo ERE e morte). Resultados foram expressos em Razão de Custo- Efetividade Incremental (RCEI) e as incertezas foram testadas em análise de sensibilidade determinística e probabilística. Realizou-se AIO em cinco anos, considerando-se diferentes cenários de uso das terapias. Resultados: Na modelagem de Markov para mama, evidenciou-se que o pamidronato foi o tratamento mais custo-efetivo. As RCEI do ácido zoledrônico e do denosumabe em relação ao pamidronato foram, respectivamente, de R5.935,60eR 5.935,60 e R 17.929,09 por ERE evitado. No modelo para OTS, a estratégia custo-efetiva foi o ácido zoledrônico. A RCEI do denosumabe em relação ao ácido zoledrônico foi de R26.061,90porEREevitada.Emanaˊlisedesensibilidade,osresultadosinicialmenteencontradosforammantidos,oqueindicaarobustezdasanaˊlises.NaAIO,independentementedotipodetumor,ousodoaˊcidozoledro^nicorepresentouocenaˊriomenosoneroso,emcincoanos.Concluso~es:ParaoBrasil,asACEapontaramqueomedicamentocusto−efetivoparaotratamentodemetaˊstasesoˊsseasnoca^ncerdemamafoiopamidronatoeparaOTSfoioaˊcidozoledro^nico.Aincorporac\ca~ododenosumaberesultariaemaumentosubstancialnoscustosdotratamento,especialmenteemlongoprazo.Entretanto,paraatomadadedecisa~o,devem−seconsiderarfatoresparaaleˊmdeefetividade,seguranc\caecustos,comoaceitabilidade,valoreseprefere^nciasdospacientes,viabilidadeeequidade.Introduction:Bonemetastasesareprevalentamongpatientswithadvancedcancerandmayresultinsignificantdecreaseinqualityoflife.ItstreatmentconsistsofpainalleviationandpreventionofSkeletalRelatedEvents(SRE),highlydebilitatingcomplicationswithmultidimensionalimpact.BisphosphonatesanddenosumabarethetreatmentofchoicetopreventSRE.Botharehighcostmedicationsofchronicuse,whichrequirescosteffectivenessanalysestosupportdecisionmakinginresourceallocation.Objectives:Toconductaneconomicanalysisofbone−targetedagentsforthetreatmentofbonemetastasessecondarytosolidtumors.Methods:AHealthTechnologyAssessment(HTA)withCost−EffectivenessAnalysis(CEA)andBudgetImpactAnalysis(BIA)wasperformedfromtheBrazilianUnifiedHealthcareSystem,overa2−yeartimehorizon.Datawerecollectedfromdifferentsourcesandincludednationaldatabasesfordifferentcategoriesofcosts,andscientificarticlesforeffectiveness,measuredbytheproportionofSRE−freepatients.TheCEAwasbasedontwoMarkovmodels:Forpatientswithbreastcancer,inwhichthetreatmentwasbasedondenosumab,zoledronicacidorpamidronate;andforOtherSolidTumors(OST),basedontheuseofdenosumabandzoledronicacid.Inthesemodels,fourhealthstates(with/withoutSRE,newSRE,anddeath),andtheirtransitionprobabilitieswereconsidered.ResultswereexpressedbymeansofIncrementalCost−EffectivenessRatios(ICER),andtheuncertaintiesweretestedindeterministicandprobabilisticsensitivityanalyses.ABIAinfiveyearswasconductedconsideringdifferentscenarios.Results:IntheMarkovmodelforbreastcancer,pamidronatewasthecost−effectivestrategy.Inthezoledronicacid/pamidronateanddenosumab/pamidronatecomparisons,ICERsofR 26.061,90 por ERE evitada. Em análise de sensibilidade, os resultados inicialmente encontrados foram mantidos, o que indica a robustez das análises. Na AIO, independentemente do tipo de tumor, o uso do ácido zoledrônico representou o cenário menos oneroso, em cinco anos. Conclusões: Para o Brasil, as ACE apontaram que o medicamento custo- efetivo para o tratamento de metástases ósseas no câncer de mama foi o pamidronato e para OTS foi o ácido zoledrônico. A incorporação do denosumabe resultaria em aumento substancial nos custos do tratamento, especialmente em longo prazo. Entretanto, para a tomada de decisão, devem-se considerar fatores para além de efetividade, segurança e custos, como aceitabilidade, valores e preferências dos pacientes, viabilidade e equidade.Introduction: Bone metastases are prevalent among patients with advanced cancer and may result in significant decrease in quality of life. Its treatment consists of pain alleviation and prevention of Skeletal Related Events (SRE), highly debilitating complications with multidimensional impact. Bisphosphonates and denosumab are the treatment of choice to prevent SRE. Both are high cost medications of chronic use, which requires cost effectiveness analyses to support decision making in resource allocation. Objectives: To conduct an economic analysis of bone-targeted agents for the treatment of bone metastases secondary to solid tumors. Methods: A Health Technology Assessment (HTA) with Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Budget Impact Analysis (BIA) was performed from the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System, over a 2-year time horizon. Data were collected from different sources and included national databases for different categories of costs, and scientific articles for effectiveness, measured by the proportion of SRE-free patients. The CEA was based on two Markov models: For patients with breast cancer, in which the treatment was based on denosumab, zoledronic acid or pamidronate; and for Other Solid Tumors (OST), based on the use of denosumab and zoledronic acid. In these models, four health states (with/without SRE, new SRE, and death), and their transition probabilities were considered. Results were expressed by means of Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICER), and the uncertainties were tested in deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. A BIA in five years was conducted considering different scenarios. Results: In the Markov model for breast cancer, pamidronate was the cost-effective strategy. In the zoledronic acid/pamidronate and denosumab/pamidronate comparisons, ICERs of R 5,935.70 and R17,929.09perSREavoidedwereobserved.IntheOSTmodel,zoledronicacidwasthecost−effectivestrategy,andtheICERofdenosumabcomparedwithzoledronicacidwasR 17,929.09 per SRE avoided were observed. In the OST model, zoledronic acid was the cost-effective strategy, and the ICER of denosumab compared with zoledronic acid was R 26,061.44 per SRE avoided. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the model, as results remained unchanged. In the BIA, regardless of tumor type, the least costly scenario in five years was the one in which all patients received zoledronic acid. Conclusion: Considering the Brazilian healthcare setting, the CEA showed that pamidronate for breast cancer and zoledronic acid for OST were the cost-effective strategies. Denosumab coverage would result in substantial increase in treatment costs. However, in the decision-making process, factors beyond effectiveness, safety and costs should be considered, for example, acceptability, patients values and preferences, feasibility and equity

    Continuous Reaction Time (CRT) properties in Brazilian Patients with Metastatic Cancer

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    Introdução: A lentificação no tempo de reação pode ter grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com câncer metastático e testes que o avaliam são utilizados na clínica e pesquisa, embora não haja certeza de que sejam válidos para essa população. Objetivos: Verificar as propriedades do teste Tempo de Reação Contínua - TRC para avaliação do tempo de reação e do estado de alerta em pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos. Método: Estudo metodológico, com 178 pacientes com câncer metastático e 79 controles saudáveis. Os dados foram coletados no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, de 2010 a 2012. Doentes e controles foram caracterizados nos aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e quanto ao desempenho no TRC e Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Todos os participantes foram avaliados uma vez e, os que aceitaram, duas vezes, para a prova de teste-reteste (39 pacientes e 10 controles). Para testar a validade discriminante do TRC, comparou-se o desempenho de pacientes ao desempenho dos controles. Para as validades convergente e divergente, verificou-se associação entre desempenho no TRC e dor, sono, fadiga, ansiedade, depressão e desempenho no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental. A confiabilidade do TRC foi verificada por meio do teste-reteste. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS® v. 15.0. Resultados: A maioria dos doentes foi do sexo feminino (57,3%) e tinha idade média de 50,5 anos. O tumor prevalente foi o colorretal (38,8%), seguido do de mama (22,5%) e todos os pacientes tinham ao menos uma metástase. A maioria dos pacientes não teve dor, depressão ou ansiedade e se sentiram descansados ao acordar. Quase dois terços tiveram fadiga leve ou moderada. A maioria dos controles era do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 41,5 anos. A maior parte dos saudáveis não teve dor, depressão, ansiedade e também teve fadiga leve ou moderada. Quase dois terços se sentiram descansados ao acordar. No Mini Exame do Estado Mental, alterações cognitivas ocorreram em 17,4% dos pacientes e em nenhum controle (critério inclusão). Pacientes e saudáveis tiveram desempenho prejudicado no TRC, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Nos valores mais rápidos (10º percentil), 41% dos pacientes e 42,3% dos controles mostraram alterações. Já nos valores mais lentos (90º percentil), 65,3% dos doentes e 73,1% dos controles tiveram prejuízo. Para nenhum dos percentis o teste foi capaz de discriminar doentes de sadios. Nas validades convergente e divergente, não se verificou correlação entre intensidade de dor, sensação de descanso, fadiga, idade e escolaridade. Houve correlação positiva fraca entre os valores mais lentos do TRC e ansiedade (r=0,13; p=0,04) e entre todos os percentis do TRC e depressão (0,12 < r < 0,16; p<0,05). Houve correlação negativa fraca entre MEEM e TRC (r= -0,22 a -0,25; p=0,00). O TRC apresentou estabilidade nas duas avaliações. Conclusões: O TRC não se mostrou válido nas análises convergente e divergente em doentes com câncer metastático, e não discriminou pacientes de controles. O TRC mostrou-se estável. Tais fatos são preocupantes, visto que tem sido utilizado em pesquisas e na clínica. Novos estudos podem contribuir para a melhor compreensão das propriedades psicométricas to TRC.Introduction: Slower reaction times can have a major impact on the quality of life of individuals with metastatic cancer. Tests that evaluate reaction time are used in clinical and research settings, although there is no certainty about their validity for this population. Objectives: To assess the psychometric properties of Continuous Reaction Time Test (CRT) for the evaluation of reaction time and alertness in patients with metastatic cancer. Methods: Methodological study involving 178 patients with metastatic cancer and 79 healthy controls. Data were collected at the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, from 2010 to 2012. Sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive status (CRT and MMSE) data were collected of patients and controls. All participants were assessed once, and those who accepted, twice for test - retest reliability (39 patients and 10 controls). In order to test the discriminant validity of the CRT, we compared the performance of patients to the controls\' performance. For convergent and divergent validity, association tests between the performance on CRT and pain, sleep, fatigue, anxiety, depression and Mini - Mental State Examination were conducted. The reliability of CRT was verified by test-retest. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS® v.15.0. Results: Most patients were female (57.3 %) and had a mean age of 50.5 years. Colorectal (38.8 %) and breast cancer (22.5 %) were the most prevalent sites of tumor, and all patients had at least one metastasis. Most patients had no pain, depression or anxiety and felt rested when waking up. Nearly two-thirds had mild or moderate fatigue. Most controls were female and the mean age was 41.5 years. Most volunteers had no pain, depression, anxiety, and also had mild or moderate fatigue. Nearly two-thirds felt rested when waking up. Cognitive dysfunction occurred in 17.4% patients and in none of the controls (inclusion criteria) when evaluated by the MMSE. Patients and controls had impaired performance on CRT and no statistically significant difference was found. In faster values (10th percentile), 41% of patients and 42.3 % of controls were impaired, whereas, on slower values (90th percentile), 65.3% of patients and 73.1% of controls had impairments. For any of the percentiles, the test was not able to discriminate patients from controls. In the convergent and divergent validity, no correlation was found between pain intensity, sense of rest, fatigue, age and education. There was a weak positive correlation between the slowest values of CRT and anxiety (r = 0.13, p = 0.04) and between all percentiles of CRT and depression (0.12 < r < 0.16, p < 0.05). There was a weak negative correlation between MMSE and CRT (r = -0.22 to -0.25 , p = 0.00). CRT was stable in both evaluations. Conclusions: CRT was not valid in convergent and divergent analyzes in patients with metastatic cancer, and did not discriminate patients from controls. CRT was reliable. These facts are alarming, as CRT has been used in research and clinical practice. Further studies may contribute to a better understanding of the psychometric properties of CRT
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