4,164 research outputs found
Epitaxial Growth of an n-type Ferromagnetic Semiconductor CdCr2Se4 on GaAs(001) and GaP(001)
We report the epitaxial growth of CdCr2Se4, an n-type ferromagnetic
semiconductor, on both GaAs and GaP(001) substrates, and describe the
structural, magnetic and electronic properties. Magnetometry data confirm
ferromagnetic order with a Curie temperature of 130 K, as in the bulk material.
The magnetization exhibits hysteretic behavior with significant remanence, and
an in-plane easy axis with a coercive field of ~125 Oe. Temperature dependent
transport data show that the films are semiconducting in character and n-type
as grown, with room temperature carrier concentrations of n ~ 1 x 10^18 cm-3.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
Spin-dependent electrical transport in ion-beam sputter deposited Fe-Cr multilayers
The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and
magnetoresistance of Xe-ion beam sputtered Fe-Cr multilayers has been
investigated. The electrical resistivity between 5 and 300 K in the fully
ferromagnetic state, obtained by applying a field beyond the saturation field
(H_sat) necessary for the antiferromagnetic(AF)-ferromagnetic(FM) field-induced
transition, shows evidence of spin-disorder resistivity as in crystalline Fe
and an s-d scattering contribution (as in 3d metals and alloys). The sublattice
magnetization m(T) in these multilayers has been calculated in terms of the
planar and interlayer exchange energies. The additional spin-dependent
scattering \Delta \rho (T) = \rho(T,H=0)_AF - \rho(T,H=H_sat)_FM in the AF
state over a wide range of temperature is found to be proportional to the
sublattice magnetization, both \Delta \rho(T) and m(T) reducing along with the
antiferromagnetic fraction. At intermediate fields, the spin-dependent part of
the electrical resistivity (\rho_s (T)) fits well to the power law \rho_s (T) =
b - cT^\alpha where c is a constant and b and \alpha are functions of H. At low
fields \alpha \approx 2 and the intercept b decreases with H much the same way
as the decrease of \Delta \rho (T) with T. A phase diagram (T vs. H_sat) is
obtained for the field- induced AF to FM transition. Comparisons are made
between the present investigation and similar studies using dc magnetron
sputtered and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown Fe-Cr multilayers.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Enantioselective SâH Insertion Reactions of αâCarbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides
The first example of enantioselective SâH insertion reactions of sulfoxonium ylides is reported. Under the influence of thiourea catalysis, excellent levels of enantiocontrol (up to 95% ee) and yields (up to 97%) are achieved for 31 examples in SâH insertion reactions of aryl thiols and αâcarbonyl sulfoxonium ylides
Chiral Multiplets of Heavy-Light Mesons
The recent discovery of a narrow resonance in D_s+pi^0 by the BABAR
collaboration is consistent with the interpretation of a heavy J^P(0+,1+) spin
multiplet. This system is the parity partner of the groundstate (0-,1-)
multiplet, which we argue is required in the implementation of SU(3)_L x
SU(3)_R chiral symmetry in heavy-light meson systems. The (0+,1+)->(0-,1-)+pi
transition couplings satisfy a Goldberger-Treiman relation, g_pi =
Delta(M)/f_pi, where Delta(M) is the mass gap. The BABAR resonance fits the 0+
state, with a kinematically blocked principal decay mode to D+K. The allowed
D_s+pi, D_s+2pi and electromagnetic transitions are computed from the full
chiral theory and found to be suppressed, consistent with the narrowness of the
state. This state establishes the chiral mass difference for all such
heavy-quark chiral multiplets, and precise predictions exist for the analogous
B_s and strange doubly-heavy baryon states.Comment: 10 pages; minor editorial revisions; recomputed M1 transitio
"After my husband's circumcision, I know that I am safe from diseases": Women's Attitudes and Risk Perceptions Towards Male Circumcision in Iringa, Tanzania.
While male circumcision reduces the risk of female-to-male HIV transmission and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), there is little evidence that circumcision provides women with direct protection against HIV. This study used qualitative methods to assess women's perceptions of male circumcision in Iringa, Tanzania. Women in this study had strong preferences for circumcised men because of the low risk perception of HIV with circumcised men, social norms favoring circumcised men, and perceived increased sexual desirability of circumcised men. The health benefits of male circumcision were generally overstated; many respondents falsely believed that women are also directly protected against HIV and that the risk of all STIs is greatly reduced or eliminated in circumcised men. Efforts to engage women about the risks and limitations of male circumcision, in addition to the benefits, should be expanded so that women can accurately assess their risk of HIV or STIs during sexual intercourse with circumcised men
Charmed Exotics in Heavy Ion Collisions
Based on the color-spin interaction in diquarks, we argue that charmed
multiquark hadrons are likely to exist. Because of the appreciable number of
charm quarks produced in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at
ultrarelativistic energies, production of charmed multiquark hadrons is
expected to be enhanced in these collisions. Using both the quark coalescence
model and the statistical hadronization model, we estimate the yield of charmed
tetraquark meson and pentaquark baryon in heavy ion
collisions at RHIC and LHC. We further discuss the decay modes of these charmed
exotic hadrons in order to facilitate their detections in experiments
Concurrent sexual partnerships do not explain the HIV epidemics in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence
The notion that concurrent sexual partnerships are especially common in sub-Saharan Africa and explain the region's high HIV prevalence is accepted by many as conventional wisdom. In this paper, we evaluate the quantitative and qualitative evidence offered by the principal proponents of the concurrency hypothesis and analyze the mathematical model they use to establish the plausibility of the hypothesis
Analysis of the doubly heavy baryons in the nuclear matter with the QCD sum rules
In this article, we study the doubly heavy baryon states ,
, and in the nuclear matter using the QCD
sum rules, and derive three coupled QCD sum rules for the masses, vector
self-energies and pole residues. The predictions for the mass-shifts in the
nuclear matter , , and
can be confronted with the
experimental data in the future.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Natural coagulates for wastewater treatment; a review for application and mechanism
The increase of water demand and wastewater generation is among the global concerns in the world. The less effective management of water sources leads to serious consequences, the direct disposal of untreated wastewater is associated with the environmental pollution, elimination of aquatic life and the spread of deadly epidemics. The ïŹocculation process is one of the most important stages in water and wastewater treatment plants, wherein this phase the plankton, colloidal particles, and pollutants are precipitated and removed. Two major types of coagulants are used in the ïŹocculation process included the chemical and natural coagulants. Many studies have been performed to optimize the ïŹocculation process while most of these studies have conïŹrmed the hazardous effects of chemical coagulants utilization on the ecosystem. This chapter reviews a summary of the coagulation/ïŹocculation processes using natural coagulants as well as reviews one of the most effective natural methods of water and wastewater treatment
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