REx: Data-Free Residual Quantization Error Expansion

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are ubiquitous in computer vision and natural language processing, but suffer from high inference cost. This problem can be addressed by quantization, which consists in converting floating point operations into a lower bit-width format. With the growing concerns on privacy rights, we focus our efforts on data-free methods. However, such techniques suffer from their lack of adaptability to the target devices, as a hardware typically only support specific bit widths. Thus, to adapt to a variety of devices, a quantization method shall be flexible enough to find good accuracy v.s. speed trade-offs for every bit width and target device. To achieve this, we propose REx, a quantization method that leverages residual error expansion, along with group sparsity and an ensemble approximation for better parallelization. REx is backed off by strong theoretical guarantees and achieves superior performance on every benchmarked application (from vision to NLP tasks), architecture (ConvNets, transformers) and bit-width (from int8 to ternary quantization)

Archéologie d’un parasite du cheval

Oxyuris equi, l’oxyure du cheval, est un vers parasite spécifique des équidés régulièrement mis en évidence lors des études paléoparasitologiques. Nous proposons ici une synthèse originale entre les mentions de ce parasite connues dans la bibliographie et les textes anciens, avec des données inédites issues de nos recherches en paléoparasitologie. Cette compilation des données montre que la plus ancienne observation de l’oxyure du cheval date du milieu du Ier millénaire avant notre ère en Asie centrale, et du second âge du Fer en Europe de l’Ouest. Les mouvements de populations au moment de la conquête romaine, les échanges commerciaux et l’avancée des troupes à travers l’Empire romain ont pu contribuer à diffuser le parasite en Europe de l’Ouest. Il apparaît également que l’oxyure du cheval n’est pas détecté sur le continent américain avant l’époque contemporaine. Le rôle des migrations européennes autour du xve siècle est discuté pour expliquer l’observation tardive d’Oxyuris equi sur le continent américain. L’absence d’observation de ce parasite avant l’âge du Fer en Eurasie peut également s’expliquer par son écologie, un échantillonnage non favorable, voire la relative rareté des restes de chevaux sur les sites archéologiques.The intestinal pinworm Oxyuris equi is a parasite that specifically affects horses and that is regularly picked up in parasitological analyses. Here we give an overview combining references to these parasites in the literature and in ancient sources with hitherto unpublished results from our own palaeo-parasitological studies. This reveals that the earliest case of horse pinworm dates to the middle of the first millennium BC in central Asia, and to the Later Iron Age in western Europe. Population movements at the time of the Roman conquest, trade and exchange, and the movement of troops within the Roman empire may have contributed to the spread of this parasite in western Europe. It seems that the horse pinworm does not appear in America before the modern period. The role European emigration around the fifteenth century may have played in the late introduction of Oxyuris equi on the American continent is also discussed. The absence of evidence for pinworms before the Iron Age in Eurasia may perhaps be explained by its ecology, by unfavourable sampling conditions, or even by the rarity of finds of horses on archaeological sites.Oxyuris equi, la oxiuriasis equina, es una enfermedad parasitaria propia de los équidos transmitida por un gusano de la cual se encuentran regularmente evidencias a través de estudios paleoparasitológicos. En el presente texto se propone una síntesis original de las menciones de dicho parásito encontradas en la bibliografía y los textos antiguos, además de datos inéditos recabados durante nuestras investigaciones en paleoparasitología. El acerbo de datos muestra que las observaciones más antiguas de la oxiuriasis equina remontan a mediados del primer milenio antes de nuestra era en Asia central y a la Segunda Edad del Hierro en Europa occidental. Los desplazamientos de población durante la conquista romana, así como los intercambios comerciales y el avance de las tropas a través del Imperio romano, pudieron contribuir a la difusión de este parásito en Europa occidental. Se observa además que no existen rastros de oxiuriasis equina en el continente americano antes del período contemporáneo. Con el fin de explicar la observación tardía de Oxyuris equi en dicho continente, se discute el papel desempeñado por las migraciones europeas alrededor del siglo XV. Por lo demás, el hecho de que no se hayan encontrado rastros del parásito antes de la Edad del Hierro en Eurasia puede deberse a su ecología, a muestrarios poco favorables, e incluso a la presencia relativamente escasa de restos de caballos en los sitios arqueológicos

Paléoparasitologie et immunologie. L’exemple d’Entamoeba histolytica

Afin de développer l’éventail des parasitoses mises en évidence en contextes archéologiques, et compléter les référentiels paléoparasitologiques, l’immunologie a été employée pour détecter la présence d’antigènes de l’amibe pathogène de l’homme Entamoeba histolytica. Provenant de différents sites à travers le monde, quatre-vingt-dix-neuf échantillons ont été testés. Les résultats complètent les connaissances sur la répartition géographique et les migrations des parasites au cours de l’histoire, et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives à la Paléoparasitologie tant dans la détection des différentes formes parasitaires que dans les possibilités d’exploitation de ce domaine de recherche. Mais les résultats obtenus soulèvent de nombreuses questions concernant le potentiel de détection des outils immunologiques, la conservation des antigènes, ainsi que sur le rôle des processus taphonomiques dans la perte du signal antigénique.To diversify the parasitoses found in archaeological contexts, and to complete the paleoparasitological data, immunology were used to detect antigens of the human pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Collected from different worldwide sites, ninety-nine samples were tested. The results complete the knowledge about the geographic distribution and the migration of parasites throughout history, and open new perspectives to the Paleoparasitology concerning the detection of parasitic remains, and the possibilities of research. But these results raise many questions about the detection potential of the immunological techniques, the antigen conservation, and the role of taphonomy in the loss of antigenic signal

Parasitism in Kansas in the 1800s - A glimpse to the past through the analysis of grave sediments from Meadowlark cemetery.

International audienceDuring the excavations of the XIX century Meadowlark cemetery (Manhattan, Kansas, US), samples of sediments were taken from around five skeletons, and analyzed to detect intestinal parasites. No helminth eggs were found, but immunological ELISA tests for Entamoeba histolytica were positive in three samples. The immunological techniques have been successfully used in paleoparasitology to detect protozoan infections. Amoebiasis could have been a severe disease in the past, especially where poor sanitary conditions prevailed, and there is evidence that this cemetery may have been used in a situation where poor sanitary conditions may have prevailed. The presence of this protozoan in US during the late XIX century gives information on the health of the population and provides additional data on the parasite's evolution since its appearance in the New World

Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from "Place d'Armes", Namur, Belgium.

International audienceHuman occupation for several centuries was recorded in the archaeological layers of "Place d'Armes", Namur, Belgium. Preventive archaeological excavations were carried out between 1996/1997 and seven historical strata were observed, from Gallo-Roman period up to Modern Times. Soil samples from cesspools, latrines, and structures-like were studied and revealed intestinal parasite eggs in the different archaeological contexts. Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Trichuris trichiura, T. suis. Taenia sp., Fasciola hepatica, Diphyllobothrium sp., Capillaria sp. and Oxyuris equi eggs were found. Paleoparasitology confirmed the use of structures as latrines or cesspit as firstly supposed by the archaeologists. Medieval latrines were not only used for rejection of human excrements. The finding of Ascaris sp. and Trichuris sp. eggs may point to human's or wild swine's feces. Gallo-Roman people used to eat wild boar. Therefore, both A. suum and T. suis, or A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris, may be present, considering a swine carcass recovered into a cesspit. Careful sediment analysis may reveal its origin, although parasites of domestic animals can be found together with those of human's. Taenia sp. eggs identified in latrine samples indicate ingestion of uncooked beef with cysticercoid larvae. F. hepatica eggs suggest the ingestion of raw contaminated vegetables and Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs indicate contaminated fresh-water fish consumption. Ascaris sp. and Trichuris sp. eggs indicate fecal-oral infection by human and/or animal excrements

Inhaled Sedation in Patients with COVID-19-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An International Retrospective Study

Background and objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the shortage of intravenous sedatives has led to renewed interest in inhaled sedation for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that inhaled sedation would be associated with improved clinical outcomes in COVID-19 ARDS patients. Methods: Retrospective international study including mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS who required sedation and were admitted to 10 European and US intensive care units. The primary endpoint of ventilator-free days through day 28 was analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial regression, before and after adjustment for site, clinically relevant covariates determined according to the univariate results, and propensity score matching. Results: A total of 196 patients were enrolled, 78 of whom died within 28 days. The number of ventilator-free days through day 28 did not differ significantly between the patients who received inhaled sedation for at least 24 h (n = 111) and those who received intravenous sedation only (n = 85), with medians of 0 (interquartile range [IQR] 0–8) and 0 (IQR 0–17), respectively (odds ratio for having zero ventilator-free days through day 28, 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–2.92, p = 0.10). The incidence rate ratio for the number of ventilator-free days through day 28 if not 0 was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.84–1.52, p = 0.40). Similar results were found after multivariable adjustment and propensity matching. Conclusion: The use of inhaled sedation in COVID-19 ARDS was not associated with the number of ventilator-free days through day 28. Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019; acute respiratory distress syndrome; inhaled sedation; sevoflurane; isofluran

Reconstructing Mayaro virus circulation in French Guiana shows frequent spillovers

Funder: This study was supported by the “European Regional Development Fund” under EPI-ARBO grant agreement (GY0008695), the “Regional Health Agency of French Guiana”, the “National Center of Spatial Studies”. CF acknowledges funding from Calmette and Yersin allocated by the “Pasteur Institut Department of International Affairs”. N.H. and S.C. acknowledge financial support from the AXA Research Fund, the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZIKAlliance grant agreement No 734548.Abstract: Characterizing the circulation of Mayaro virus (MAYV), an emerging arbovirus threat, is essential for risk assessment but challenging due to cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Here, we develop an analytical framework to jointly assess MAYV epidemiology and the extent of cross-reactivity with CHIKV from serological data collected throughout French Guiana (N = 2697). We find strong evidence of an important sylvatic cycle for MAYV with most infections occurring near the natural reservoir in rural areas and in individuals more likely to go to the forest (i.e., adult males) and with seroprevalences of up to 18% in some areas. These findings highlight the need to strengthen MAYV surveillance in the region and showcase how modeling can improve interpretation of cross-reacting assays