Differences due to treatment overall and to 4 specific effects.

<p><i>Notes:</i> Shown are P-values for significance of effect obtained from a chi-squared test of deviance, AIC values for models with and without the effect, and, if significant, whether specific effects increased or decreased germination at days 6 and 8. Significance at P<0.05 indicated by * and model with lower AIC, which is the preferred model, is indicated by **.</p

Mean final root size of chilli seedlings is affected by the presence and identity of their adult neighbours.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Overall, maximum root length differed significantly depending on the neighbouring plant present in the sealed central box (n = 32 per treatment). Seedlings growing next to adult chilli plants had significantly shorter roots than those in the empty control or growing with the fennel (P = 0.015). (<b>b</b>) The presence of a neighbouring fennel during germination and emergence caused an increase in early root development of chilli seedlings when the communication channels are blocked, but not when unblocked (light grey bars) (F masked > F open and Control masked; P = 0.027; n = 80 per treatment). Differences disappeared when seedlings were allowed to grow away from a fennel plant (dark grey bars) (P = 0.94; n = 80 per treatment). Error bars indicate standard errors.</p

Schematic representation of the custom-designed experimental unit (not in scale).

<p>(<b>a</b>) The seal at the base of the central cylindrical box ensured that chilli seeds arranged in a circle around the adult plant were chemically isolated from it. (<b>b</b>) All seeds and adult plants within a replicate unit were housed within 2 different sized square boxes, one inside the other, with the air in between the two boxes removed using a vacuum pump. The whole experimental unit was custom-made in colourless cast acrylic material (ModenGlas), which transmitted 92% of visible light, but was opaque to ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths.</p

Growth rate analysis of eleven microalgae strains during growth phase (7 days) of batch culture.

1<p>Value represents mean of two replicate samples.</p>2<p>Different letter superscripts down a column indicate significant difference at 95% level (ANOVA, Bonferroni's test; P<0.05).</p>3<p>Mid-scale outdoor culture.</p

FAME levels of microalgae strains grown in batch culture

<p>(7 days growth + 2 days starvation by replacement of medium with seawater). Values shown are the averages of three biological replicates ± SD (except <i>Tetraselmis</i> sp.¹). Different superscripts indicate significant difference at 95% level (ANOVA, Bonferroni's test; P<0.05). ¹Mid-scale outdoors culture.</p