Birthright Citizenship, Illegal Aliens, and the Original Meaning of the Citizenship Clause

This Article contends that the orthodox interpretation accurately reflects the original public meaning of ‘jurisdiction,’ and that, consequently, the consensualist interpretation is incorrect on originalist grounds. By way of supporting this contention, this Article also seeks to advance the debate regarding the Citizenship Clause in several ways. Although this Article, like others, relies upon the Clause’s legislative history for evidence of original meaning, when analyzing that history this Article also considers 1) the framing-era context of federal Indian law; and 2) the distinction between “original meaning” and “original expected application.” Moreover, in seeking relevant originalist evidence, this Article looks to the heretofore-neglected Fourteenth Amendment ratification debates, and the periods preceding and following the Clause’s enactment...Part II describes the antebellum linguistic context that preceded the Citizenship Clause. Part III presents evidence showing that “subject to the jurisdiction” originally meant “subject to sovereign authority.” Part IV critiques various consensualist arguments. Part V, the Conclusion, summarizes this Article’s findings

Detection of reinforcement corrosion by an acoustic technique

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major serviceability issue with reinforced concrete structures, often resulting in significant section and bond loss. However, current non-destructive diagnostic techniques do not allow corrosion to be reliably detected at the very early stages of the process, before damage to the concrete occurs. This research describes the development of an Acoustic Emission (AE) technique as a practical tool for the early detection of corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete. The study falls into three main areas: (i) determining the influential material parameters of reinforced concrete that affect the magnitude of the acoustic emissions; (ii) investigating the influence of diurnal and seasonal temperature variations on corrosion rate and thus the rate of acoustic emissions; and (iii) developing a testing and evaluation procedure that combines the findings of the first two stages with existing knowledge about corrosion and deterioration of concrete structures. In the first phase of the research material parameters such as cover thickness, compressive strength and rebar diameter were investigated to ascertain the influence of varying these factors on the magnitude of AE Energy obtained per gram of steel loss. The experimental results confirmed that early age corrosion, verified by internal visual inspection and mass loss measurements, can be detected by AE before any external signs of cracking. Furthermore results show that compressive strength was the primary influential parameter, indicating an exponential, empirical relationship between compressive strength and AE Energy. An increase in temperature usually induces an increase in corrosion activity, which should be measurable using the AE technique. Consequently the influences of seasonal and diurnal temperature variations were investigated to determine their impact on undertaking AE measurements. This phase of the research demonstrated that seasonal variations in temperature impart a negligible influence on measured AE Energy. However measurement of AE Energy per hour followed trends in the diurnal temperature and corrosion rate evolution, these being in a state of constant flux. Therefore AE measurements of corrosion in reinforced concrete are more responsive to a change in temperature, and so corrosion rate, as opposed to a specific and constant corrosion rate. In the final phase practical experience with AE from site trials and laboratory work were coupled with leading research and existing knowledge of corrosion in concrete and structural deterioration, to develop a testing and evaluation procedure for on-site application. This rigorous procedure enables reliable corrosion measurements to be undertaken on reinforced concrete structures using AE technology and enabling an assessment of the rate of corrosion induced damage to be made. As far as the author is aware this is the first site testing procedure for detecting corrosion in reinforced concrete using AE. Future research in this area might involve more site testing with a view to improving accuracy and analysis of on-site data, underpinning the developed procedure

Influence of diurnal and seasonal temperature variations on the detection of corrosion in reinforced concrete by acoustic emission

Chloride rich reinforced concrete prisms were coupled to chloride free prisms and exposed to diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles typical of those found in the UK. Acoustic Emissions (AE) and galvanic currents were continuously monitored and correlated with ambient temperature. AE and galvanic currents were found to emulate the evolution of temperature in the diurnal cycles, although no specific relationship between AE and galvanic current could be obtained. The influence of seasonal variations in galvanic current had no obvious influence on AE Energy per second over the range of corrosion rates studied. The findings suggest that AE is more sensitive to short term (diurnal) changes in corrosion rates than the longer (seasonal) effects. It was hypothesised that this is due to transitory changes in the internal microclimate of the concrete

Condition monitoring of reinforced concrete structures at risk from reinforcement corrosion

The corrosion of reinforced concrete structures is a major issue in the UK and worldwide, both structurally and from a maintenance management aspect. Damage induced by the corrosion of the steel can dramatically reduce the designed service life of the structure through loss of bond between the steel and concrete, or from localised loss of section of the corroding rebars. Failure to manage the maintenance of reinforced concrete may result in the premature replacement of the structure or in extreme cases, structural failure. Avoiding such scenarios can be aided through improved detection and monitoring of corrosion in concrete. In addition, combining this with a condition management tool, capable of benchmarking, index testing and prioritising areas of the concrete structure(s) for remedial action, would provide robust facilities management techniques for structural assets. This paper suggests how the results of a novel non-destructive corrosion detection technique, currently being developed, could be incorporated into a condition-monitoring tool for the facilities management of structures. The development of protocols based on laboratory and field data enable the formation of a condition-monitoring tool forming part of a longterm maintenance strategy for estate owners and managers

Electrochemical behaviour of steel reinforced concrete during accelerated corrosion testing

Corrosion of reinforcing steel presents a major durability issue worldwide and is the focus of much research activity. The long time periods involved in replicating reinforcement corrosion within laboratories has resulted in a number of accelerated test methods being developed. The basis of this research presented in this paper was to examine the impressed current technique often used to induce reinforcement corrosion. The suitability of the technique to model chloride induced corrosion was investigated by examining the electrochemical nature of the test method. Corrosion was induced in prisms of differing characteristic strengths and cover thicknesses by applying a current for between 3 and 17 days. The gravimetrical and theoretical mass losses are compared and a modified expression based on Faraday’s law relating the electrical current to the mass loss is also proposed which accounts for the localised nature of chloride-induced corrosion. It was found that the technique is a suitable method to simulate reinforcement corrosion

Full configuration drag estimation of short-to-medium range fixed-wing UAVs and its impact on initial sizing optimization

The paper presents the derivation of a new equivalent skin friction coefficient for estimating the parasitic drag of short-to-medium range fixed-wing unmanned aircraft. The new coefficient is derived from an aerodynamic analysis of ten different unmanned aircraft used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and search and rescue missions. The aircraft is simulated using a validated unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes approach. The UAV’s parasitic drag is significantly influenced by the presence of miscellaneous components like fixed landing gears or electro-optical sensor turrets. These components are responsible for almost half of an unmanned aircraft’s total parasitic drag. The new equivalent skin friction coefficient accounts for these effects and is significantly higher compared to other aircraft categories. It is used to initially size an unmanned aircraft for a typical reconnaissance mission. The improved parasitic drag estimation yields a much heavier unmanned aircraft when compared to the sizing results using available drag data of manned aircraft

Determining the corrosion state of steel reinforcement in concrete

The corrosion of reinforced concrete structures is a major issue in the UK and worldwide from both a structural view and maintenance management aspect. Early detection of this degradation process will provide the owner with the optimum number of repair options whilst minimising repair costs. This paper reports on the new non-destructive corrosion detection technique for reinforced concrete – AeCORR, specifically targeted towards detecting active corrosion damage occurring within the concrete during the very early stages of the degradation process. An overview of the technique is provided together with a recent case study

Risk-based investigation of steel reinforcement corrosion using the AeCORR technique

The use of a non-destructive acoustic evaluation technique as a Risk Based Inspection tool to detect the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is presented in this paper. It offers the potential to save time and money for facilities owners and users. Recent research has demonstrated that AE has the ability to identify corrosion activity in concrete before conventional NDT methods, enabling faster intervention and increasing the repair options available. Monitoring a structure using the AeCORR technique, currently being researched and under development in the field, can create a digital map of part of a structure enabling an unbiased reference point for that structure for future maintenance tests as well as being able to distinguish areas of active corrosion. This paper reviews the principles and development of the new AeCORR technique for detecting and estimating the scale of corrosion induced damage and its ability as a tool to index test parts of structures

The third PLeural Effusion And Symptom Evaluation (PLEASE-3) study: Bendopnoea in patients with pleural effusion

Background: Pleural effusions often cause disabling breathlessness, however the mechanism is unknown. Patients with pleural effusions are subjected to pleural fluid drainage on a ‘trial and error’ basis, as symptom relief varies. This population commonly complain of bendopnoea (breathlessness on bending forward) which has not been investigated. Our pilot data found bendopnoea was significantly associated with presence of pleural effusion. The PLEASE-3 study will evaluate bendopnoea as a screening test for effusion-related breathlessness, its predictive value of symptomatic benefits from fluid drainage and explore its underlying physiological mechanism. Methods: PLEASE-3 is a multi-centre prospective study. Eligible patients are assessed at baseline (pre-drainage) and for patients undergoing drainage, up to 72 h post-procedure. Outcome measures include the prevalence of bendopnoea, its correlation with size of effusion and its predictive value of breathlessness relief after drainage. The relationship of bendopnoea with breathlessness, physiological parameters, functional capacity and diaphragmatic characteristics will be assessed. The study will recruit 200 participants. Discussion: This is the first study to investigate bendopnoea in patients with pleural effusion. It has minimal exclusion criteria to ensure that the results are generalisable. The presence and clinical significance of bendopnoea in the context of pleural effusion requires thorough investigation. The post assessment of patients undergoing pleural fluid drainage will provide insight into whether the presence of bendopnoea is able to predict clinical outcomes. Trial Registration: Name of the registry: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Trial registration number: ACTRN12622000465752. URL of the trial registry record for this trial: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=383639&isReview=true Date of registration: Registered on 24 March 2022. Funding of the trial: This study has received funding from the Sir Charles Gairdner Research Advisory Council research project grant. The study is sponsored by the Institute for Respiratory Health, a not-for-profit organisation. Name and contact information for the trial sponsor: Mr Bi Lam; Finance manager. Level 2, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands WA 6009. t‖ + 61 8 6151 0877 e‖ [email protected] Role of sponsor: The funder is not involved in the planning of the study, gathering, analysing, and interpreting the data, or in preparing the manuscript

The Relationship between Serving as a Mentor and Depressive Symptoms among Sexual Minority Men in the MACS Healthy Aging Study.

Sexual minority men (SMM) in the US are twice as likely to experience mental health challenges, including depressive symptoms, compared with their heterosexual counterparts. Having a like-mentor, or a sexual minority mentor, is associated with improved mental well-being among SMM mentees. However, few studies have explored the potential benefits to mentors. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we calculated a perceptions of mentoring score that encompasses experiences and beliefs regarding mentoring of SMM from the Healthy Aging Substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. We used a generalized estimating equations model to assess associations between perceptions of mentoring and clinically significant depressive symptoms adjusted for key covariates; models were also stratified by HIV serostatus. Among 1,246 men aged 40+ years, the strongest agreement was with the statement I have encouraged people to be proud of their sexual orientation, for which 770 individuals (72%) indicated Agree or Strongly Agree. Each unit increase in the mean perceptions of mentoring score was associated with 8% decreased odds of having clinically significant depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85-0.99). We show that SMM reported like-mentoring experiences and had positive mentoring beliefs, and that these were associated with a decreased odds of having depressive symptoms. Encouraging SMM to serve as like-mentors could be a way to counter depressive symptoms among this key population. There is a need for increased research regarding how mentoring programs can best be designed to benefit sexual minority mentees and mentors