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DNA sequences and austral taxa indicate generic synonymy of Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu with Cricotopus Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Author: Cranston Peter
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: 'Wiley'
Publication date: 26/07/2020
Field of study

In the century since the description of the orthoclad genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae), separation in any life stage from the cosmopolitan, diverse Cricotopus Wulp has been problematic. Molecular analysis reveals the presence of two species in Australia that conform in morphology to Paratrichocladius and which form a well-supported clade including Paratrichocladius micans (Kieffer) from Africa and a distinct southern African larva. This clade clusters with taxa allied with Cricotopus albitibia (Walker), in turn nested within all other sampled Australian Cricotopus. Relevant nodes strongly support Cricotopus as nonmonophyletic without inclusion of Paratrichocladius. We synonymize Paratrichocladius with Cricotopus syn.n, treating Paratrichocladius as a subgenus. Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) australiensis Cranston sp.n. is described for Trichocladius pluriserialis Freeman from Australia, which is not the same species under that name in New Zealand. Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) bifenestrus Cranston sp.n. from Australia is described, also in all life stages. The many new combinations, listed in an Appendix, include three replacement names for new secondary homonyms, namely: Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sinobicinctus Cranston & Krosch nom.n. for Paratrichocladius bicinctus Fu, Sæther & Wang, Cricotopus draysoni Cranston & Krosch nom.n. for Cricotopus brevicornis Drayson, Krosch & Cranston, and Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sikhotealinus Makarchenko & Makarchenko nom.n. for Cricotopus orientalis Kieffer. We conclude with comments on wider issues in the taxonomy of Paratrichocladius, especially concerning New Zealand species

The Australian National University

Lines in the land: A review of evidence for eastern Australia's major biogeographical barriers to closed forest taxa

Author: Bryant Litticia M.
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Blackwell Publishing
Publication date: 01/01/2016
Field of study

The influence of climatic changes occurring since the late Miocene on Australia’s eastern mesic ecosystems has\ud received significant attention over the past 20 years. In particular, the impact of the dramatic shift from\ud widespread rainforest habitat to a much drier landscape in which closed forest refugia were dissected by open\ud woodland/savannah ecosystems has long been a focal point in Australian ecology and biogeography. Several\ud specific regions along the eastern coast have been identified previously as potentially representing major\ud biogeographical disjunctions for closed forest taxa. Initially, evidence stemmed from recognition of common zones\ud where avian species/subspecies distributions and/or floral communities were consistently separated, but the body\ud of work has since grown significantly with the rise of molecular phylogeographic tools and there is now a\ud significant literature base that discusses the drivers, processes and effects of these hypothesised major\ud biogeographical junctions (termed barriers). Here, we review the literature concerning eight major barriers\ud argued to have influenced closed forest taxa; namely, the Laura Basin, Black Mountain Corridor, Burdekin Gap,\ud Saint Lawrence Gap, Brisbane Valley Barrier, Hunter Valley Barrier, Southern Transition Zone and East\ud Gippsland Barrier. We synthesise reported phylogeographical patterns and the inferred timing of influence with\ud current climatic, vegetation and geological characteristics for each barrier to provide insights into regional\ud evolution and seek to elicit common trends. All eight putative biogeographical barriers are characterised\ud currently by lowland zones of drier, warmer, more open woodland and savannah habitat, with adjacent closed\ud forest habitats isolated to upland cool, wet refugia. Molecular divergence estimates suggest two pulses of\ud divergence, one in the early Miocene (~20–15 Mya) and a later one from the Pliocene–Pleistocene (~6–0.04 Mya).\ud We conclude with a prospectus for future research on the eastern Australian closed forests and highlight critical\ud issues for ongoing studies of biogeographical barriers worldwide

Crossref

Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v.d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu

Author: Cranston Peter
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: 'Magnolia Press'
Publication date: 26/07/2020
Field of study

The Australian species of the Orthocladiinae genus Cricotopus Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) are revised for larval, pupal, adult male and female life stages. Eleven species, ten of which are new, are recognised and keyed, namely Cricotopus acornis Drayso

The Australian National University

Cricotopus wangi Cranston & Krosch, sp. n.

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Cricotopus wangi Cranston & Krosch sp. n. (Fig. 3 E, 5A,D, 9E, 12C) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:52659DBB-8F1F-471B-BF66-3047F4C10C8E Cricotopus “wongi” sp. nov. Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ‘not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: Le/Pe/&male;, AUSTRALIA: NT, Litchfield NP, Wangi Falls, 13°10'S 130°41'E, 6.viii.1990 (Cranston). Paratypes: Le/Pe/&female;, Le/Pe, 4L, as holotype; Le/Pe, Pe, NT/Qld, Border Waterhole, 18°37'S 137°59'E, 19.v.1995 (Cranston); WA, Hamersley Range NP, Fortescue Falls, Circular Pool, 22°28'S 118°33'E, 23–24.iv.1992 (Cranston). Molecular material. 2P, 2L, as holotype except 29.vii.2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT14.1.P1, P2, NT14.1.1, 1.3); L, Kakadu NP, Rockhole Ck., 13°34'S 132°15'E, 30.vii.2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv- NT14.3.1); 2P, 3L, Kakadu NP, Gimbat, Upper S. Alligator R., 13°34'S 132°36'E, 31.vii.2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT14.6P1, P2); 3P, 2L, Kakadu NP, Gunlom, Waterfall Ck., 13°25'S 132°25'E, 1.viii.2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT14.7.P1-3). Description. MALE (n=1, immature pharate). 3.0 mm. Head. Ant 505 µm; Fl 1–12, 300 µm, Fl 13, 225 µm; A.R. 0.75. Palp 308–324 µm. Clyp sparsely setose, 9. Thorax. Brown. Laps 2–3; Ac 20, Dc 20 biserial. Pa and Scts not visible. Wing, legs and abdomen not measurable. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 E). Gcx 175, iv with medio-posteriorly rounded lobe; Gst 85 µm, about 1/2 (0.48) gcx; crista dorsalis not developed. FEMALE (n = 1, pharate). 3.2 mm. Head. Ant 245 µm. Fr 2, Po 2, Clyp 17; Palp 350 µm. Thorax. Laps 2, Ac 9, Dc 20–21, Pa 2–4, Scts 6–8. Wing, legs and abdomen not measurable. Genitalia. Spermathae comprising ovoid capsules with tapering "neck" and gently curved ducts (as in Fig. 4 B). PUPA (n=6). 2.7–3.2 mm, pale to mid-brown. Cephalothorax. Moderately rugose dorsally. Th 100–138 µm, width 37–50 µm; hyaline, elongate ovoid, without apical scales or spines (Fig 7 B). Fs 120–138, long, semi-taeniate, on frons (Fig. 5 A). Abdomen (Fig. 9 E). PSB on I, II and III. Hook row broad, about 2/3 of segment (0.65–0.72). No spinules or spines on TI or anterior to hook row on TII; anterolateral patches of very weak spinules on VII, VIII and IX. Paraterga bare. Ls 3 VIII 20 –25 µm, <1/15 segment width (0.06) (Fig. 5 D). Ms 60–80 µm, anteriormost displaced medially from margin 44–70 µm, <1/25 length of abdomen (0.04). 4TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 12C). 3.7–4.1 mm. H.l. 350 µm, dark-brown; mandibles, mentum, occipital margin black; thorax yellow-green, abdomen blue-pigmented; procercus hyaline; procercal anal setae and posterior parapod claws black. Head. Ant 52–55 µm; 1, 30–32 µm; 2–5, 21–22 µm; A.R. 1.36–1.41; blade 25–27 µm extending beyond apical segment. Md 107–120 µm, outer margin strongly crenulate, inner smooth, completely dark brown (a little paler basally); seta subdentalis a spine. Mentum 80–85 µm, dark brown; 6–7 pairs laterals, first well developed, second slightly reduced, outermost mentum may be worn or appressed with 7th lateral indistinct. Abdomen. l4 seta not plumose. Pc very short, with brown pigment patches, 12–14 µm, A.s. 250–280 µm. Etymology. The epithet wangi derives from the name of the waterfall in Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory where the first specimens were collected (although in manuscript spelled as ‘wongi’). The name is a noun in apposition. Remarks. The combination of long frontal setae located on the frons, short L setae on VIII, hyaline nonspinose thoracic horn and short anal macrosetae with displaced basal setae allow easy recognition of the pupa of C. wangi. Larvae are characterised by the fully dark head capsule, including all-dark mandible. The mandible has strong crenulations on the outer margin and smooth mola, with a simple lance-shaped seta subdentalis. The antenna is uniquely short, maximally 55 µm long. Cricotopus wangi sp. n. appears to be restricted to northern Australia where the immature stages live on hygropetric surfaces of waterfalls, with few exceptions in riffles in permanent creeks.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

ZENODO

Cricotopus annuliventris Skuse

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse). (Figs 1 C, 2C, 4C, 5E, 6B, 7D, 8C, 10C) Orthocladius annuliventris Skuse, 1889: 255 Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse); Freeman, 1961: 646. Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse); Drayson, 1992: 81. Cricotopus annuliventris (Skuse), Cranston 1996: 86 Type material. Lectotype &male; here designated: AUSTRALIA: Lawson [no further data, specimen ex-Macleay collection] slide-mounted in Euparal from dry specimen by Cranston. Pinned specimen bears red Lectotype label ‘ Orthocladius annuliventris Skuse’ in black ink, but designation (by unknown person) appears to be unpublished. Paralectotype, &male; as Lectotype. Other material examined. Qld.: Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple,? Cattle Ck., 21°02S 148°35'E, 22.iii.1998 (Cranston). NSW: &male;, Le/Pe/&female;, Sugarloaf Ck., Clyde Mt., 35°33'S 149°58'E, 10.i.1988 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36°06'S 147°01'E, 17.v.1989 (Cook); 2 Pe, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 12.xii.1987 (Cranston); 8&male;, Le/Pe/&female;, 3 Pe, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36°36'S 149°47'E, 17.xii.1990 (Cranston). ACT: 2&male;, &female;, Canberra, Black Mt., 35°17'S 149°05'E, 29.vii.1989 (Reid); 3&male;, 4&female;, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35°28'S 148°55'E, 29.x.1990 (Drayson). Vic: Pe, Wodonga, House Ck. up-stream, 36°10'S 146°52'E, 19.xii.1989 (Cook); Pe, Mitta R., 10km E. Mitta, 36°32'S 147°25'E, 30.x.1989 (Cook). SA: &male;, 4L, Cox Ck., Bonython Rd, 29.ix.1989 (Madden); &male;, 2L, Piccadilly Valley, Vince Ck., 29.ix.1989 (Madden). Molecular material. NSW: L, Kosciuszko NP, sphagnum bog, 36°26'S 148°20'E, 2–3.xii.2010 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWKos1); L, Kosciuszko NP, stream next to Wright's Ck., nr 36°7'S 148°20'E, 3.xii.2010 (Cranston) (Mv- KNPCric8); P, Kosciuszko NP, Wragge's Ck., 36°23'S 148°27'E, 1.xii.2010 (Cranston) (Mv-KNPCric13); 3L, Warrumbungles, Castlereaigh R., 31°16'S 149°11'E, 27.vii.2005 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW2M1, 2, 5). ACT: &male;, P, Condor Ck., 35°22'S 148°51'E, 14.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-ACTCon 6, 7). Vic: L, Dobson’s Lane, Dandenong Ck., 37°50'S 145°19'E, 24.x.2006 (Carew) (Mv-DOL3). SA: L, P, &female;, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35°26'S 138°58'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HF3, HFP 1, SAHF 3.1); 2L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35°36'S 138°14'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-DC1, 4). Tas: Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42°40'S 146°42'E, 3.xii. 2013, 196 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS13.9.2). Description. MALE (Figs 1 C, 2C) 2.8–4.2 mm. Head. Ant 832–1088 µm; Fl 1–12 392–480 µm, Fl 13, 416–448 µm. A.R. 0.91–1.19. Palp 424–592 µm. 2 Fr; 6–10 Po. Thorax. Uniform mid- to dark brown. Lapn 1–5, Ac 15–28, Dc 18–25, Pa 2–4, Scts 6–10. Wings. 2.0– 2.7 mm. Sq 7–15, R 2–9. Legs. Femora mid-brown: tibiae of fore and mid-legs with white ring on proximal third. Distal 2/3 of fore and mid-tibiae, all of hind tibia and all tarsomeres mid-brown. Abdomen. TI very pale; broad anterior pale bands on TII, IV,V, and VI, not III; narrow posterior pale bands on TIV, V, and VI; otherwise mid- to dark brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 C). Gcx 180–250 µm, iv rounded and usually notched posteriorly. Gst 66–100 µm, about 2/5 Gcx (0.35–0.45); crista dorsalis large, bare and hyaline. FEMALE (n=6). As in male except: 4.1–4.3 mm. Head. Ant 337–428 µm. Palp 544–644 µm. Wing. 2.0– 2.7 mm. Sq 8–13, R + R 1 17–19, R4+ 5 13–15. Abdomen. As male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules, with very narrow "neck" and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 C). PUPA (Figs 7 D, 8C). 3.5–4.7 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 56–114 µm; hyaline, cylindrical, tapered to point, covered with sparse scales, especially distally. 0 Fs. Abdomen. PSB on II and sometimes much reduced on III. Hook row on T II always <0.5 width of segment (0.35–0.47). Ls on VIII long, Ls4 about 1/4 width of segment (0.22–0.31) (Fig. 5 E). Ms 80–96 µm, <1/12 abdomen length (0.06–0.08). 4TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 10 C) (n = 9). 3.5–5.4 mm. H.l. c 650 µm pale to mid-brown with mid-to dark brown posterior rim; abdomen hyaline; procercus usually hyaline, sometimes with pale brown marking. Head. Ant 72–86 µm, 1st 42–52 µm, 2–5 28 –341 µm; A.R. 1.40–1.64. Md 144–160 µm, with smooth outer margin and serrate inner margin, pale brown with distal 1/3 mid-to dark brown. Mentum 120 µm, pale brown basally, mid-brown distally; 6 pairs laterals, 2nd slightly reduced. Abdomen. Pc 18–28 µm, A.s. 560–700 µm. Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished by the pale bands on legs being restricted to the fore and mid-tibiae, and by pale bands on abdomen TII, IV and V, but not on III. Pupae can be recognised by lack of frontal setae, presence of medio-lateral spinule fields on TII with none developed as a spine band, and with 4 long Ls on VIII. Larvae can be recognised by a combination of mandible with smooth outer and serrate inner surfaces, antenna length less than 90 µm, and AR less than 1.64. Adult specimens perfectly fit the descriptions of Freeman (1961) and Hergstrom (1974). A highly genetically divergent larval form is recognized from three specimens from the Castlereaigh River (Warrumbungles, NSW). These specimens do not cluster with other C. annuliventris (Krosch et al., submitted), but form a group unto themselves, and with some relationship to both C. annuliventris and C. tasmania. On morphology these larvae key to C. annuliventris, but may be differentiated by the mandible pigment extending to the base with less strong contrast to the mid-brown head capsule, a narrow mola, a broad rounded median mentum tooth and second lateral mentum teeth no smaller than the first laterals. C. annuliventris is restricted to south-east Australian cool streams, often at elevation and shaded. All sites are unpolluted.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

ZENODO

Cricotopus

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Key to larvae of Australian Cricotopus & Paratrichocladius 1 Outer edge of mandible strongly crenulate (Fig. 10 A, B)....................................................... 2 - Outer edge of mandible smooth excepting notch or only subtly crenulate (Fig. 10 C, D).............................. 7 2 Inner edge of mandible serrate (Fig. 10 A)..................................................... C. acornis sp. n. - Inner edge of mandible smooth (Fig. 10 B).................................................................. 3 3 Darkening of mandible extending only as far as mola (Fig. 10 B)......................... C. albitarsis Hergstrom sp. n. - Darkening of mandible extending proximally towards base of mandible (Figs. 11 C, 12C)............................. 4 4 Antennal blade not extending past 4th segment (Fig. 11 C). Head mid-brown, with weak contrast to mandible and mentum......................................................................................... C. howensis sp. n. - Antennal blade extending to apex of antenna or beyond (Fig. 12C). Head pale, with strong contrast to dark apical mandible and mentum............................................................................................. 5 5 Lauterborn organs small, less than 0.5 length of 3rd segment (Fig. 12C)................................ C. wangi sp. n. - Lauterborn organs large, encompassing total 3rd antennal segment (Fig. 12B)...................................... 6 6 Mola broad and very flat; seta subdentalis narrow ending in simple point; apical mandible tooth 2x 1st inner, ‘kitchen knife’ shaped (Fig. 12B).............................................................. C. varicornis sp. n. (part, s.s.) - Mola broad and squared off; seta subdentalis broad ending in hooked point; apical mandible tooth 1.5x length of 1st inner and similar in shape (Fig. 11 B)................................................................. C. hillmani sp. n. 7 Inner edge of mandible serrate (Fig. 12A).................................................................. 8 - Inner edge of mandible smooth (Fig. 11 A)................................................................. 12 8 Mentum golden-brown with median area paler (Fig. 12A)..................................................... 9 - Mentum evenly mid- to dark brown (Fig. 10 A)............................................................. 11 9 Pigmented area of mandible and mentum in modest contrast to mid-brown head (Fig. 12A)........... C. tasmania sp. nov. - Pigmented area of mandible and mentum in strong contrast to brown head (Fig. 11 D)............................... 10 10 Pigmented area of mandible not extending basally past the mola/notch........................ ‘ divergent parbicinctus’ - Pigmented area of mandible extending at least to external seta (Fig. 11 D)............... C. parbicinctus Hergstrom sp. n. 11 Mid-brown mandible pigment extends to external seta in strong contrast to pale head. Mola broad, rounded. Median mentum tooth narrow with 2nd lateral teeth clearly smaller than 1st (Fig. 10 C).......................... C. annuliventris (Skuse) - Dark brown-black mandible pigment extends to base and less strongly contrast to mid-brown head; mola narrow. Median men- tum tooth broad, rounded, with 2nd lateral teeth not smaller than 1st........................... ‘ divergent annuliventris’ 12 Mandible pigment extending to base of mandible; apical mandible tooth subequal to 1st inner tooth, both near 2x 2nd inner tooth (Fig. 11 A)........................................................................ C. conicornis sp. n. - Mandible pigment extending to mola / external seta; apical mandible tooth 1.5x> 1st inner tooth; 1st inner tooth <1.5x size of 2nd inner tooth....................................................................................... 13 13 Lauterborn organs large, dilate, extending to apex of 3rd antennal segment; antennal segments 2–5 short, subequal (Fig. 12b)....................................................................... C. varicornis sp. n. (part, var. ‘ cooki’) - Lauterborn organs moderately developed, tapering; 2nd antennal segment equal to 3+4, with short 5th................... 14 14 Apical mandible tooth flanged, giving ‘kitchen knife’ shape, inner teeth aligned with inner edge of apical tooth. Mandible dark pigment extends to external seta.................................................. Paratrichocladius ‘M1/FNQ1’ - Apical mandible tooth same shape as inner teeth. Mandible dark pigment extends distal to mola....................... 15 15 Lateral mental teeth bulbous basally and pointed apically. 1st inner mandible tooth equal in length to 2nd tooth. Antennal blade extends to apex of antenna........................................................ Paratrichocladius ‘SW QLD’ - Lateral mental teeth non-bulbous basally; 1st inner mandible tooth 1.5x longer than 2nd tooth; antennal blade extends to apex of 4th segment (Fig. 10 D).................................................................. C. brevicornis sp. n.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

ZENODO

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Cricotopus parbicinctus Hergstrom, sp. n.

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Cricotopus parbicinctus Hergstrom sp. n. (Figs 1 G, 3B, 4H, 5C, 6G, 7H, 9B, 11D) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:1ED970B3-823A-4233-A8C4- 113179 ADFC45 Cricotopus parbicinctus Hergstrom, 1974: 95 [Invalid ICZN, 1985: Article 8a]. Cricotopus ‘sp. III’ Drayson, 1992 Cricotopus ” parbicinctus Hergstrom” in Cranston,1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ‘not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype &male;: AUSTRALIA: SA: Mt Gambier, Leg of Mutton Lake, 26 Aug 1969 (Hergstrom) (ANIC). Paratypes: &male;, &female;, SA: Hindmarsh Falls, 4 Nov 1970 (Hergstrom) (ANIC). Other material examined. Qld: 2 Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple,? Cattle Ck., 21°02'S 148°35'E, 22.iii.1998 (Cranston); 4 Pe, Conondale Range, Stony Ck. #2, 26°52'S 152°44'E, 24.v.1990 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Mt. Crosby, Brisbane R., 27°32'S 152°47'E. 19.i.1991 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Mt. Stanley, Brisbane R., 27°32'S 153°29'E, 19.i.1991 (Cranston); 1 Pe, n.w. Brisbane, Bundaroo Ck., 35°42'S 152°36'E, 27.ix.1989 (Cranston). NSW: Le/Pe/&male;, Pe, Deua R., S.E. Araluen, 35°45'S 149°57'E, 29.iii,1988 (Cranston); Pe, Barrengarry R., Belmore Falls, 34°38'S 150°33'E, 3.iv.1991 (Cranston); 3 Pe, Endrick R., 6 km N.E. Nerriga, 35°05'S 150°08'E, 1.ix.1988 (Cranston); 1&male;, 1 Pe, Ginninderra Falls, 35°13'S 148°58'E, 6.xii.87 (Cranston); &male;, Le/Pe/&male;, 2 Le/Pe/&female;, 3 Pe, 1L, Sugarloaf Ck., Clyde Mt., 35°33'S 149°58'E, 10.i.1988 (Cranston); 3 Le/Pe/&male;, 2 Pe, Shoalhaven R., Gundillion, 35°35'S 149°37'E, 4.xi.1991 (Cranston); 19 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36°06'S 147°01 'E, 17.v. l989 (Cook); &male;, 3 Le/Pe/ &male;, 3 Le/Pe/&female;, 10 Pe, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36°07'S 146°54'E, 21.xi.1989 (Cook); 1&male;, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 36°24'S 148°40'E, 12.xii,1987 (Cranston); 2Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Club Lake, 36°25'S 148°17'S, 30.xii.1997 (Cranston); L, Kosciuszko NP, Blue Lake, 1875 m asl. 3.ii.1998 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Spencer's Ck., 1730m, 36°26'S 148°22'E, 2.i.1988 (Cranston); Pe, Kosciuszko NP, Hedley Tarn, 36°25'S 148°19'E, 30.xii.1989 (Cranston); 3&male;, Le/Pe/&female;, 8 Pe, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36°36'S 149°47'E, 17.xii,1990 (Cranston); Pe, Bugong Rd to Kangaroo Valley, xi. 1990, Edward. ACT: Pe, Canberra, Lake Burley Griffin, Black Mt. Peninsula, 35°16'S 149°07'E, 18.i.1992 (Rosewarne); 3&male;, 3 Le/Pe/&female;, Molonglo R., Coppins Crossing, 35°17'S 149°02'E, 7 xi 1987 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Pierce's Ck., 35°20'S 148°56'E, 23.ix.1991 (Drayson); &female;, 4 Pe, Cotter R., below dam, 35°21'S 148°56'E, 7.xi.1987 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35°22'S 148°50'E, 13–16.v.1988 (Cranston),; 5 Pe, Tidbinbilla, Tidbinbilla Ck., 35°27'S 148°57'E, 19.ii.1989 (Cranston); &male;, &female;, 4Pe, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35°28'S 148°55'E, 28.ix.1990 (Drayson); &male;, Pe, Namadgi NP, Orroral R., 35°39'S 148°59'E, 21.ii.1988 (Cranston). Vic: &female;, Pe, House Ck. up-stream, 36°10'S, 146°52'E 19.xii,1989 (Cook); Pe, L, 6 Le/Pe/&male; &female;, 8 Le/Pe/&female;, Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36°09'S 146°57'E, 20.iii.1990 (Cook); &male;,, 2 Le/Pe/&male;,, 3 Pe, Le/Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36°11'S 146°56'E 26.ii.1990 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36°15'S, 146°50'E 26.ii.1990 (Cook); &female;, Pe, Le/Pe, Mitta Mitta, Snowy Ck., 36°33'S 147°23'E, 29.i.1988 (Cranston); &male;, 11 Pe, Le/Pe, Buckland R., 36°48'S 146°51'E, 6.xi.1990 (Cranston, Cook & Nielsen); &male;, 2 Pe, Cann R., 37°34S 149°09E, 20.i.1989 (Cranston). Tas: 3 Pe, Lake St.Clair NP, Ranger Hut, Douglas Ck., 41°50'S 146°02'E, 25.i.1990 (Cranston); Pe, Franklin R., Lyall highway crossing, 42°12'S 146°02'E, 17.i.1990 (Cranston). SA: &male; Eric Bonython Reserve, 8.iv.1970 (Hergstrom). WA: 6 Pe, Stirling Range, Bluff Knoll, 34°22'S 118°14'E, 20.xi.1990 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: L, Dimbula, Kauri Ck., 17°06'S 145°35'E, 30.viii.2012 (Cranston) (Mv- FNQ12.2.7); L, Paluma NP, Birthday Ck., 18&ring;58'S 146&ring;09'E, 24.ix. 2008, 760 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-PAh1); L, Bellthorpe NP, Stony Ck., 26&ring;53'S 152&ring;44'E, 5.xi. 2013, 191 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Stny1.1); L, Mt Barney NP, Seidenspinner Rd, Mt Barney Ck., 28°14'S 152°44'E, 21.iii. 2013, 176 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-MtBy12). NSW: &female;, Capertee Valley, Glen Davis Rd, Coco Ck., 33°08'S 150°6'E, 20.ii.2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13-5.6); Pe, Newnes, Little Capertee Ck., 33°10'S 150°14'E, 19.ii.2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13-4.1); Pe, Tarago Rd., Tarlo Ck., 34°28'S 150°00'E, 7.ii.2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13.1.2); L, Belmore Falls, Barrengarry R., 34°38'S 150°33'E, 3.iii.2011 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWBel1); 3L, Windellama, Windellama Ck., 35°00'S 149°53'E, 16.v.2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWWin1-3); &male;, 5L, Monga SF, Mongarlowe R., 35&ring;23'S 149&ring;55'E, 30.iv.2012 (Cranston) (Mv- Mong12-2,4-8); P, P&female;, Currowan SF, Cabbage Tree Ck., 35°34'S 150°02'E, 31.xii–2.i.2009, (Cranston) (Mv- CTC 09-1,3); 2L, P, Brown Mt., Rutherford Ck., 36°36'S 149°47'E, 27.xi.2010 (Cranston) (Mv-Bmt10-1, NSWBMt6, 7); 2L, Pe, &male;, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R., 35°23'S 148°44'E, 27.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv- NSWGd1, 3, 4, 10); Kosciuszko NP, trib. Bogong Ck., 36°21'S 148°12'E, 4.xii.2010 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWKos8). ACT: Uriarra Ck., 35°14'S 148°57'E, 13.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-UCk13-6); L, Condor Ck., 35°22'S 148°51'E, 14.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-ACTCon 5). Vic: 4L, P, &male;, Grampians, Zumsteins, McKenzie R., 37°06'S 142°24'E, 7–8.i.2011 (Cranston) (Mv-VicGr18, 19, 21, 23–25); L, Sunbury Rd, Jackson’s Ck., 37°35'S 144°44'E, 3.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-Jack2); L, Campbellfield, Mahoney’s Rd, Merri Ck., 37°41'S 144°58'E, 17.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv- MMC2); L, Campbellfield, Barry Rd, Merri Ck., 37°40'S 144°58'E, 17.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-MBR3); L, Brooklyn, Princes Hwy, Kororoit Ck., 37°49'S 144°49'E, 10.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-KPH8); L, Stony Diversion Drain, Sunshine West, Kororoit Ck., 37°47'S 144°49'E, 9.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-KSD3). Tas: L, Lake Saint Clair NP, Hugel R., 42°06'S 146°09'E, 1.xii. 2013, 770 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-TAS13.6.5). SA: P, L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Cox Creek, Uraidla, 34°58'S 138°44'E, 1.vii. 2013, 450m (Madden) (Mv-CoxP1, Cox2); 2&female;, L, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35°26'S 138°58'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl, (Krosch & Cranston)(Mv-SAHF5.1, 2, HF1); P&male;, P&female;, L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35°28'S 138°35'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HRP1, SAW2, HR1); L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35°36'S 138°14'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- DC2); L, Minno Ck. Junction, Sturt R., 35°02'S 138°37'E, 1.vii. 2013, 200 m asl (Madden) (Mv-StR2); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Waterfall Gully, First Ck., 34°58'S 138°40'E, 1.vii. 2013, 250 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Fst1). Description. MALE (Fig.1 G). 2.8–3.7 mm. Head. Ant 856–1000 µm: Fl 1–12, 336–440 µm; Fl 13, 464–592 µm. AR 1.13–1.56. Palp 352–432 µm. 1 Fr, 9 Po. Clyp sparsely setose. Thorax. Uniform mid-brown. Lapn 0–4, Ac 11–21, Dc 15–31, Pa 2–4, Scts 5–12. Wing. 1.7–2.1 mm. Sq 8–15, R 4–5. Legs. Tibiae of all legs mid-brown with pale ring on proximal third. All femora and tarsi mid-brown. Abdomen. Uniform mid-brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 G). Gcx 190–220 µm, iv with posteriorly projecting rounded lobe. Gst 74–90 µm, about 2/ 5 (0.36–0.45) Gcx, narrow apically; crista dorsalis strongly developed but without setae and often extremely hyaline. FEMALE. As male except: 3.4–3.8 mm. Head. Ant 325–365 µm. Palp 472–544 µm. Wing. 2.2–2.5 mm. Sq 9–11, R + R 1 7–14, R4+ 5 6–15. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules with narrow "neck" and recurved ducts (Fig. 4 H). PUPA. 3.5–4.6 mm, pale brown to almost hyaline. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 140–230 µm; hyaline, cylindrical, tapered to distal point, covered with sparse pointed scales, especially distally (Figs 6 G, 7H). 0 Fs. Abdomen (Fig. 9 B). PSB on II only. Hook row on TII about 1/3 width of segment (0.0.31–0.38). Ls on VIII long, Ls4 about 1/4 width of segment (0.18–0.33). Ms <1/15 length of abdomen (0.05–0.062). 4TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 11 D). 3.5–5.4 mm. H.l. 460–550 µm, pale to mid-brown with mid-to dark brown posterior rim; body blue-purple; procercus hyaline. Head. Ant 90–106 µm, Fl 1, 50–68 µm, Fl 2–5, 30–34 µm; A.R. 1.36–2.00. Md with smooth outer margin and serrate inner; pale brown with distal 1/3 mid- to dark brown; length 142–170 µm, <2x length of ant (1.53–1.92). Mentum 100–140 µm, pale brown posteriorly, mid-brown anteriorly; 6 pairs laterals, 2nd slightly reduced. Abdomen. Pc 20–29 µm, A.s. 500–600 µm. Etymology. The name parbicinctus is likely a lapsus for intended parabicinctus (Hergstrom states in her description "Very similar to bicinctus... "). We see no reason to emend Hergstrom’s name and we recognise her as the sole author, validated here. Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished from all other Australian Cricotopus by the pale bands on the tibiae of all legs (this banding is easily visible to the naked eye). Pupae are recognised by absence of frontal setae, lacking PSB on segment III, 4 long l4 setae on VIII, and TII anterior to the narrow hook row bare. From the otherwise similar C. acornis it can be distinguished by the presence of a characteristic long, narrow, spinose thoracic horn. Larvae recognised only by a combination of the mandible with smooth outer and serrate inner margin and antenna length more than 90 µm. Although this species appears to be " C. parbicinctus " of Hergstrom (1974), she describes "tergite I, anterior parts of n, III, IV and V yellow in most specimens" and describes the larva as having "about 5 serrations on inner surface and with wrinkled outer surface". Her proposed holotype, now in A.N.l.C., has anterior and posterior pale bands on TII–VI, but TI is dark. Two of her proposed paratypes have vittae on the thorax and in fact belong to C. hillmani (q.v.). The species differs from the Palaearctic species bicinctus in colour of the thorax and abdomen and shape of genitalia of males, absence of PSB on segment III of pupa, and lack of crenulation on outer margin of mandible of larva (Hirvenoja 1973). A highly genetically divergent form is recognized from larvae and a single adult male from several locations throughout Queensland and New South Wales. This genetic form is reciprocally monophyletic to all other C. parbicinctus and branch lengths between the clades are substantial. Larvae of this divergent form may be separable from C. parbicinctus only by the extent of mandible pigment (extending to the external seta or beyond in the divergent form). More extensive sampling may reveal this taxon to be a true biological species; however, we consider it only as a form pending further work. C. parbicinctus is a widespread species, but represented in Western Australia only by one location in the southern hills and one in Tasmania, and seemingly absent from Northern Territory. Within its range it inhabits pristine to slow to stagnant, macrophyte-dominated and nutrient enriched waters.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

ZENODO

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Cricotopus hillmani Drayson & Cranston, sp. n.

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Cricotopus hillmani Drayson & Cranston, sp. n. (Figs. 1 F, 2F, 3G, 4F, 6E, 7G, 8F, 11B) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:91FC9509-46AC-42DA-A4DC-6 DE 458C0BDA5 Cricotopus ‘sp. IV’ Drayson, 1992: 73 Cricotopus “hillman” sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ‘not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes’] Type material studied. Holotype Le/Pe/&male;, AUSTRALIA: NSW: Shoalhaven R., Warri Bridge, 35°21'S 149°44'E, 15.iii.1992 (Cranston) (ANIC). Paratypes: Le/Pe/&male;, as holotype; NSW: 2 Pe, Warrumbungles, Shawn's Ck., Timor Rock, 31°16'S 149°09'E, 15.ix.1989 (Cranston), Pe, Endrick R., 6km N.E. Nerriga, 35°05'S 150°08'E, 1.ix.1988 (Cranston); 2 Le/Pe/&male;, Pe, Shoalhaven R., Warri Bridge, 35°21S 149°44'E, 15.iii.1992 (Cranston); 1 Pe, Molonglo R., above Captain's Flat, 35°35'S 149°28'E, 7.iii.1989 (Cranston); Pe, Deua R., s.e. Araluen, 35°45'S 149°57'E, 6.ii.1989 (Cranston); 2 Pe, Albury, Murray R. Stn 6, 36°06'S 147°01'E, 26.vii.1989 (Cook); 8&male;, 1&female;, 68 Pe, L, Albury, Murray R., Waterworks, 36°07'S 146°54'E, 21.xi.1989 (Cook); 2 Pe, L, Rutherford Ck., Brown Mt., 36°36'S 149°47'E, 2.x.1989 (Cranston). ACT: Le /Pe/&female;, 15 Pe, Cotter R., Vanity Crossing, 31°20'S 148°54'E, 4.xii.1991 (Drayson); 2 Pe, 3 L, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35°22'S 148°50'E, 13–16.iv.1988 (Cranston); &male;, Brindabellas, Blundell's Ck., 35°22'S 148°50'E, 7.i.1930 (Tonnoir) (misidentified by Freeman as C. annuliventris); &male;, 3 Pe, 3 L, same except 13–16.iv.1988 (Cranston); &male;, &female;, Tidbinbilla, Tidbinbilla Ck., 35°27'S 148°57'E, 19.ii.1989 (Cranston); &male;, &female;, 4 Pe, Corin Rd, Gibraltar Falls, 35°28'S 148°55'E, 4.xii.1990 (Drayson); 2&male;, Le/Pe/ &female;, 5 Pe, Gibraltar Falls, Corin Rd, 28.ix.1990, 35°28'S 148°55'E (Drayson). Vic: Pe, Wodonga, House Ck., downstream, 36°06'S 146°54'E, 6.ix.1989 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, House Ck., upstream, 36°10'S 146°54'E, 6.ix.1989 (Cook); Le/Pe/&male;, 2 Le/Pe/&female;, Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36°09'S 146°57'E, 24.i.1990 (Cook); 3 Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Street's Rd, 36°11'S 146°56'E, 26.ii.1990 (Cook); Pe, Wodonga, Middle Ck., Beechworth Rd, 36°15'S 146°50'E, 26.ii.1990 (Cook); Pe, Upper Tambo R., USWW, 37°00'S 147°53'E, 8.iii.1990 (Hortle). Tas: Pe, Lake St.Clair NP, Old Pelion Hut, Douglas Ck., 41°50'S 146°01'E, 25.i.1990 (Cranston); Pe/&male;, Mt. Field NP, Tyenna R., 160m a.s.l., 42°41'S 146°43'E, 6/ 7.ii.1992 (Cranston). SA: 2 &male;, Hindmarsh Falls, 4.xi.1970 (Hergstrom) (Hergstrom's proposed paratypes of “ C. parbicinctus "). Other material examined. Qld: 3Pe, Herberton, Carrington Falls Ck, 800 m asl, 16°28'S 145°19'E, 9–10.iv.1997 (Cranston); L(P), nr Mareeba, Davies Ck., 17°01'S 145°35'E, 19–20.vi.1997 (Cranston). Pe, Eungella NP, Mt Dalrymple, Cattle Ck., 21°02'S 148°35'E, 22.iii.1998 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: Bellthorpe NP, Stony Ck., 26°53'S 152°44'E, 5.xi. 2013, 191 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- Stny1.12, 1.18). NSW: L, Monga SF, Mongarlowe R., 35°23'S 149°55'E, 30.iv.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-Mong12-9); Pe, Brindabella, Goodradigbee R, 35°23'S 148°44'E, 27.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-NSWGd5). ACT: L, Uriarra Ck., 35°14'S 148°57'E, 13.vi.2012 (Cranston) (Mv-UCk-2); 6L, Corin, Gibraltar Falls, 35°31'S 148°56'E, 3.vi.2012 (Cranston)(Mv-ACTGF21-26). Vic: 2L, Dobson’s Lane, Dandenong Ck., 37°50'S 145°19'E, 24.x.2006 (Carew) (Mv-DOL2, 4). Tas: L, Lake Saint Clair NP, Hugel R., 42°06'S 146°09'E, 1.xii. 2013, 770 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- TAS13.6.4); L, Mt Field NP, Russell Falls Ck., 42°40'S 146°42'E, 3.xii. 2013, 196 m asl (Krosch) (Mv- TAS 13.9.18). SA: 2&male;, 3&female;, 2Pe/&male;, 2L, below Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh R., 35º26'S 138º58'E, 3.x. 2013, 220 m asl, (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-SAHF1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, HF2, 6); 2Pe/&male;, L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35°28'S 138°35'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-SAW1, 3, HR6); 2L, Deep Creek Conservation Park, Tapanappa Rd, 35°36'S 138°14'E, 3.x. 2013, 260 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-DC3, 13); L, Minno Ck Junction, Sturt R., 35°02'S 138°37'E, 1.vii. 2013, 200 m asl (Madden) (Mv-StR1); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Waterfall Gully, First Ck., 34°58'S 138°40'E, 1.vii. 2013, 250 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Fst2); L, Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Uraidla, Cox Ck., 34°58'S 138°44'E, 1.vii. 2013, 450 m asl (Madden) (Mv-Cox3). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 F). 3.2–4.7 mm. Head. Ant 800–112 µm; Fl 1–12, 336–440 µm, Fl 13, 440–650 µm; A.R. 1.2–1.5. Palp 415–472 µm. 3 Fr, 7–10 Po, Clyp moderately setose. Thorax. Pale yellow brown with distinctive brown vittae on scutum and postnotum; scutellum pale. Laps 1–4, Ac 12–21, Dc 17–31, Pa 3–5, Scts 7–12. Wing (n=2). 2.6–2.7 mm. Sq 14–18, R 6–8. Anal lobe moderately produced. Legs. All legs mid-brown with proximal 2/3 of tibiae paler, notably on mid- and hind legs. Abdomen. TI and IV pale to very pale yellow-brown, other tergites mid-brown. TIII and VI with lateral setal band connected posteriorly (Fig. 3 G). Hypopygium (Fig. 2 F). Gcx 186–266 µm, iv with posteriorly projecting rounded lobe. Gst 77–106 µm, about 2/5 (0.37–0.42) Gcx, pointed apically; crista dorsalis strongly developed. FEMALE (n = 5 + 3 pharate). As male except: 4.0– 4.9 mm. Head. Ant 340–400 µm. Palp 468–504 µm. 3 Fr, 5–6 Po. Wing (n=3). 1.8–2.1 mm. Sq 9–10; R + R 1 16–30, R4+ 5 9–12. Thorax. Colour as male. Laps 1–4, Ac 9–21, Dc 17–31, Pa 3–5, Scts 7–12. Abdomen. As male. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, elongate-ovoid capsules with narrow "neck" and curved ducts (Fig. 4 F). PUPA. 3.1–5.0 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline, with noticeable dark adhesion scars on T I–VIII. Cephalothorax. Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 80–120 µm, width 20–40 µm; hyaline, flattened, blunt, with or without rounded scales, especially distally (Figs 6 E, 7G). Fs 70–140 µm, on prefrons, Abdomen (Fig. 8 F). PSB on segments II and III, less developed on III. Hook row on TII about 0.5 segment width but very variable (0.30–0.63). Ls VIII short (32–80 µm), Ls3 about 1/10 width of segment (0.08–0.14). Ms about 1/20 total length of abdomen (0.42–0.52). Dark adhesion marks on TII to VII. 4TH INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 11 B). 3.6 mm. H.l. 480–510 µm, pale to mid-brown with mid- to dark brown posterior rim; abdomen blue; procercus hyaline, sometimes with pale brown marking. Head. Ant 74–90 µm, Fl 1, 44–50 µm, Fl 2–5, 28–36 µm; A.R. 1.29–1.56. Md 152–182 µm, about 2x ant (1.90–2.24), with smooth inner margin and weakly crenulate outer margin; pale brown with distal 1/3 mid-to dark brown. Mentum 116–144 µm, pale brown posteriorly, mid-brown anteriorly; 6 or usually 7 pairs of laterals, 2nd laterals slightly reduced, 7th laterals small to occasionally absent. Abdomen. Pc 20–24 µm, A.s. 440–550 µm. Etymology. The epithet for this species, ‘ hillmani’, recognises Dr. Terry Hillman, past Director of the Murray Darling Freshwater Research Centre, who supported taxonomic, ecological and biodiversity studies of the Chironomidae of the Murray River and tributaries in the Albury-Wodonga region. Remarks. Adults of C. hillmani can be distinguished from all except C. varicornis by the combination of dark vittae on thorax and pale TI and IV. They can be distinguished from C. varicornis, for which the leg pattern is not known, only by the pattern of tergal setation, and the spermathecal capsule shape, both of which features may be unreliable. Pupae are easily recognised by the dark adhesion marks on all abdominal segments. The frontal setae are present on the prefrons, tergites I and II essentially bare of spines or spinules, and mid-paraterga spinulose. From the otherwise similar C. howensis, it can be distinguished by the thoracic horn bearing apical/subapical small tubercles (Fig. 6 E). Larvae can be recognised by the mandible having a moderately elongate apical tooth, crenulate outer and smooth inner margin, antennal blade reaching apex of antenna with large Lauterborn organs, and especially, but not always, the presence of a small 7th lateral tooth on the mentum. As discussed below, Hergstrom (1974) included specimens of C. hillmani in her " C. parbicinctus ". A specimen in the A.N.I.C. collection was identified by Freeman as C. annuliventris, but the thorax, legs and abdomen clearly show it to belongs to C. hillmani. C. hillmani is an essentially south-eastern Australian species (including Tasmania) with an anomalous record from far north Queensland. Records are all from rivers and creeks in good water health.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

ZENODO

An evaluation of infrared photography for detecting bloodstains on dark-coloured floor coverings commonly encountered at crime scenes

Author: Airlie Melissa
Chaseling Janet
Krosch Matt N.
Wright Kirsty
Publication venue: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Publication date: 01/01/2022
Field of study

The ability to accurately detect bloodstains is fundamental to crime scene examination; however, traditional methods can be inadequate for use on many dark-coloured surfaces commonly encountered at scenes, such as fabrics and flooring. An alternative approach may be the use of infrared (IR) photography, which is known to be effective at detecting bloodstains on fabrics and some non-porous surfaces. However, a knowledge gap exists concerning the effectiveness of IR photography for detecting bloodstains on dark-coloured floor coverings. To address this, we used a paired sampling design to assess the performance of IR photography compared with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and luminol for detecting bloodstains on wool and nylon carpet, linoleum, vinyl, tile and laminate flooring. We also assessed whether IR imaging would detect a substance known to create false-positive reactions with TMB and luminol. Overall, our results supported IR photography as an effective, non-destructive method compared to TMB and luminol for detecting bloodstains on dark-coloured flooring, especially nylon carpet, tile, laminate and vinyl. Further, IR did not detect known false-positive samples on several surfaces. This research contributes to a growing body of literature concerning the forensic applications of IR photography and has significant operational implications for crime scene examiners.</p

Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

Cricotopus albitarsis Hergstrom, sp. n.

Author: Cranston Peter S.
Drayson Nick
Krosch Matt N.
Publication venue: Zenodo
Publication date: 31/12/2015
Field of study

Cricotopus albitarsis Hergstrom sp. n. (Figs. 1 B, 2B, 4B, 6A, 7C, 8B, 10B) urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:84145205-2AFE-4C9C-B479-152EDEBA9336 Cricotopus albitibia (Walker, 1848: 16) sensu Freeman, 1961: 647 [misidentified]. Cricotopus albitarsis Hergstrom 1974: 94 [Invalid ICZN, 1985: Article 8a]. Cricotopus ‘sp. I’ Drayson, 1992: 49 Cricotopus “ albitarsis ” sp. nov. Drayson & Cranston, in Cranston, 1996: 86 [Invalid; author states ‘not formal publication for nomenclatural purposes] Type material. Holotype: &male;, AUSTRALIA, SA, Adelaide, Torrens Lake, 10.ii.1970 (Hergstrom)(ANIC). Paratypes &male;, &female;, as Holotype. Other material examined. Qld: P&male;, Mt Elliot NP, Alligator Ck., 23.iii.1998 (Cranston); 11 Pe, Carnarvon NP, Carnarvon Ck., 25°04'S 148°14'E., 4/ 5.vi.1991 (Black); Pe, Conondale Range, Stony Ck. #2, 26°52'S 152°44'E, 24.v.1990 (Cranston); 10 Pe, L, Atkinson Dam, 27°06'S 152°02'E, 24/ 25.vii.1991 (Cook, Cranston & Hillman); Le/Pe/&male;, 3Pe/&female;, Pe, L, Brisbane R., Mt. Crosby, 27°32'S 152°47'E, 19.i.1990 (Cranston); Le/Pe/&female;, Brisbane R., Mt. Stanley, 270° 32'S 153°29'E, 19.i.1990 (Cranston). NSW: 1&female;, 1 Pe, Gaya-Dari, Upper Clarence R., 28°44'S 152°04'E, 20.i.1991 (Cranston); 12 Le/Pe/&male;, Ginninderra Falls, 35°13'S 148°58'E, 6.xii.1987 (Cranston); Le/Pe/&male;, Kosciuszko NP, Yarrangobilly R., Yarrangobilly Caves, 35°44'S 148°29'E, 15.i.1992 (Cranston); 5 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R., Noreuil Park, 36°05'S 146°56'E, 22.xii.1989 (Cook); 8 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Causeway, Murray R., 36°06'S 146°55'E, 26.ii.1990 (Cook); Le/Pe/&male;, 14 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R. Stn 6, 36°06'S 147°01'E, 17.v.1989 (Cook); Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Murray R., Waterworks, 36°07'S 146°04'E, 21.xi.1989 (Cook); &female;, Jindabyne, Rush's Ck., 36°24'S 148°40'E, 12.xii.1987 (Cranston). ACT: 2 Pe, Canberra, Lake Burley Griffin, Black Mt. Peninsula, 35°16'S 149°07'E, 18.i.1992 (Rosewarne); 7 Pe, Tuggeranong, Isabella Pond, West shore, 35°25'S 149°06'E, 29.xii.1991 (Rosewarne); 5 Pe, Tuggeranong, Isabella Pond, East shore, 35°25'S 149°06'E, 29.xii,1991 (Rosewarne); 5 Pe/&male;, 5 Pe, 2 L, Molonglo R., Coppins Crossing, 35°17'S 149°02'E, 4, ii.1988 (Cranston); same except &male;, 7.xi.1987; same except 3 Le/Pe/&male;, 3 Le/Pe/&female; Pe, 25.ii.1991 (Drayson). Vic: 3&female;, 41 Pe; House Ck. down-stream, 36°09'S 146°52'E, 19.xii.1989 (Cook); 7 Pe, Albury-Wodonga, Middle Ck., downstream White's Rd, 36°09'S 146°57'E, 20.iii,1990 (Cook). WA: 2 &male;, 4&female;, 2 Le/Pe/&female;, 20 Pe, 2 L, Walpole-Nornalup NP, Frankland R., circular pool, 34°56'S 116°47'E, 21.xi.1990 (Cranston); &male;, Lake Monger, 3.iii.1955 (Hodgkin); 2&male;, &female;, 5 L, Lesmurdie Falls, 1.xii.1978 (Edward). NT; &male;, Kakadu NP, near Jabiru, Gulungul Ck., 12°39'S 132°53'E, 11.iv.1989 (Cranston); 3 Le/Pe/&male;, 3 Pe, 2 Le/P, 2 L, Ranger Mine, Retention Pond 1 spillway, 120°41'S 132°55'E, 11.iv.1989 (Cranston); 18 L, Arnhem Land, East Alligator R., on escarpment, 12°47'S 133°22'E, 15.iv.1989 (Cranston): 17 L, 7 Pe, Arnhem Land, East Alligator R., mid/upper R. on escarpment, 29.v.1988 (Cranston); &male;, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Fisher Ck., 13°33'S 132°33'E, 18/ 19.iv.1989 (Cranston); 3&male;, Kakadu NP, South Alligator R., Coronation Hill, Gimbat spillway, 13°34'S 132°35'E, 18/ 19.iv.1989 (Cranston). Molecular material. Qld: 2P&male;, L, Bunya, n. Brisbane, Carter Court, South Pine R., 27°21'S 152°56'E, 21.iii.2013, 22 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-SPRP1, 3, SPR2); 2L, Dayboro, n. Brisbane, Lee’s Crossing Rd, North Pine R., 27°12'S 152°48'E, 27.ii.2014, 64 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-NPR1.1, 1.7); L, Numinbah Valley, Nerang R., 28°7'S 153°14'E, 20.v. 2013, 120 m asl (Krosch) (Mv-Ner13); L, Condamine R., Hooloovale Ck., 28°34'S 148°01'E, 30.iv.2012 (Prior) (Mv-Hoo3); L, Warrego R., Dick's Dam, 30°19'S 145°21'E, 2010 (Prior) (Mv-WarD1). NSW: L, Capertee, Glen Davis Rd., Capertee R., 20.i.2013 (Cranston) (Mv-NSW13.6.1). Vic.: P&male;, L, Keilor, Maribyrnong R., Brimbank Park Ford, 37°43'S 144°49'E, 1.xi.2006, 25 m asl (Carew) (Mv-MaryA1, MBF1); 2L, Wantirna, Boronia Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37°50'S 145°12'E, 24.x.2006 (Carew) (Mv-DBO1, 5); L, Dandenong, Kidds Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37°59'S 145°13'E, 26.x.2006, 30 m asl (Carew) (Mv-DKI1); L, Pillar's Crossing, Dandenong South, Dandenong Ck., 38°01'S 145°10'E, 26.x.2006 (Carew) (Mv-DPC1); L, Wantirna, Wantirna Rd, Dandenong Ck., 37°50'S 145°13'E, 24.x.2006 (Carew) (Mv-DWA1); L, Sunbury Rd, Jackson’s Ck., 37°35'S 144°44'E, 3.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-Jack1); L, Dandenong South, Eumemmerring Ck., 38°01'S 145°13'E, 16.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-Eum3); L, Campbellfield, Barry Rd, Merri Ck., 37°40'S 144°58'E, 17.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-MBR1); L, Campbellfield, Mahoney’s Rd, Merri Ck., 37°41'S 144°58'E, 17.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-MMC1); L, Brooklyn, Princes Hwy, Kororoit Ck., 37°49'S 144°49'E, 10.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-KPH1); L, Stony Diversion Drain, Sunshine West, Kororoit Ck., 37°47'S 144°49'E, 9.xi.2006 (Carew) (Mv-KSD2). SA: L, Sawpit Rd., Hindmarsh R., 35º28'S 138º35'E, 3.x.2013, 70 m asl (Krosch & Cranston) (Mv-HR2). ‘divergent NT albitarsis’. NT: P&female;, L, Kakadu NP, Kambolgie Ck., 13°30'S 132°25'E, 30–31.vii.2014 (Cranston & Krosch) (Mv-NT14.5.P2, NT14.5.3). Description. MALE (Fig. 1 B, 2B). 3.1–3.5 mm. Head. Ant 792–872 µm; Fl 1–12, 320–360 µm, Fl 13, 456–520 µm. A.R. 1.3–1.6. Palp 340–430 µm. Fr 0, Po 3–5, Clyp sparsely to moderately setose. Thorax. Sct pale brown to near hyaline, with mid-brown border; otherwise mid-brown, sometimes with reticulate pattern. Other sclerites mid- to dark brown. Laps 3–7, Ac 12–25, Dc 20–40, Pa 3–5, Scts 6–12. Wing. 1.5–1.9 mm. Sq 4–8, R 0–1. Legs. All femora mid-brown, sometimes with paler proximal third: all tibiae very pale with distal 1/10 pale to mid-brown: foreleg tarsomeres mid- to pale brown, darker than those on other legs; tarsomeres of mid- and hind legs very pale. Abdomen. TI and IV pale, TII mid-brown with pale anterior band, TV and VII mid-brown with pale posterior bands, remainder mid- to dark brown. Hypopygium (Fig. 2 B). Gcx 180–200 µm, iv elongated, pointed and curved towards posterior. Gst 74–86 µm, about 2/5 (0.39–0.43) Gcx, wide, and blunt apically; crista dorsalis absent. FEMALE. As male except: 3.1–3.5 mm. Head. Ant 234–272 µm. Palp 348–488 µm. Wing. 1.4–2.0 mm. Sq 3–10, R 2–6; R4+5 3–6. Genitalia. Spermathecae comprising mid-brown, spheroid capsules with long, wide "neck"; and straight or recurved ducts (Fig. 4 B). PUPA. 2.5–4.1 mm, pale brown to very pale, almost hyaline; if pale brown may have faint reticulate markings on abdomen. Cephalothorax (Fig. 6 B). Slightly rugose dorsally. Th 130–200 µm; width 36–54 µm, broad, flattened, hyaline; scales absent, sometimes granular. Fs long, prominent on frons. Abdomen. PSB on Il and Ill. Hook row on TII about 1/2 width of segment (0.45–0.61). Small sparse spinule field may be present anterior to hook row. Ls on VIII short, Ls3 no more than 1/10 width of segment (0.08–0.10) (Fig. 5 E). Ms 120–150 µm, about 1/20 (0.042–0.065) length of abdomen. 4TH INSTAR LARVA. 2.5–4.0 mm. H.l. 450–550 µm pale to mid-brown, with pigmented areas sometimes patchy, and with darker posterior margin; abdomen hyaline; procercus hyaline, sometimes with mid-brown marking. Head (Fig. 10 B). Ant 66–76 µm; 1st 40–46 µm; 2–5 26–30 µm; A.R. 1.60–1.85. Md 130–176 µm with smooth inner and more or less crenulate outer margin, pale to mid-brown with distal 1/3 darker. Mentum 104–128 µm, pale brown posteriorly, mid-to dark brown anteriorly; with 6 pairs lateral teeth, 2nd slightly reduced. Abdomen. Pc 14–20 µm wide, A.s. 300–460 µm. Etymology. Although Hergstrom (1974) provided no derivation, we infer that the characteristic near-white tarsomeres, especially of the mid- and hind legs, gave rise to the epithet albitarsis. A spelling as albitarsus has been used, including on the labels of Hergstrom’s type series: we consider this a lapsus. Remarks. Adults of this species can be distinguished from all other Australian Cricotopus by leg colour, with dark femora, pale tibiae, and pale tarsomeres on mid- and hind legs. Pupae can be recognised by the frontal setae on the frons, the hyaline and non-spinose thoracic horn and regular anal macrosetae. Larvae cannot be recognised by a single feature, but by a combination of mandible with crenulate outer and smooth inner surface, mentum with 6 pairs of lateral teeth and the apices of the first lateral mental teeth posterior to the apex of the median tooth, plus the dark pigment restricted to the apical mandible only. From Freeman's (1961) description of pinned Australian specimens, this species appears to be his C. albitibia, although his description differs in having the AR as 1, i.e., much lower than the range of specimens measured in this study. Calculations of the antennal ratio from dried material is notoriously error-prone and we do not consider it significant. One male from Lake Monger, WA, labelled " Cricotopus albitibia, det. P. Freeman", from the British Museum (B.M.1955-478, slide-mounted by P. S. Cranston) was studied. This, one of the six male specimens from the location given in Freeman's description, fits the description of C. albitarsis above, with an AR of 1.5, as does the colour of five pinned specimens from the same locality also in A.N.I.C.. The type location of C. albitibia is Sierra Leone in west Africa (Walker, 1848), but the species was redescribed by Lehmann (1979) from specimens from east Zaire (=D.R. Congo). Lehmann's species as re-described differs from our Australian material in the following: adult leg pattern, with C. albitibia having pale bands on all legs; adult thorax pattern, with C. albitibia having brown vittae or "mesonotal stripes" and the pupal thoracic horn, that of C. albitibia being long and narrow. The larva of C. albitibia is undescribed. For our study 3 unreared larvae, 1 pharate male, 1 adult male and 3 adult females of C. albitibia from Ethiopia, collected and identified by Prof. A. Harrison were examined. The specimens were uncleared before mounting, and thus several features were not visible. The larvae are larger than those of C. albitarsis, one having antennal length 210 µm with AR = 2.10, which is outside the range of all Australian Cricotopus (1.29–2.00), and appear to differ also from C. albitarsis in the complex ‘chunky’ development of a darkened mola resembling a broken tooth. The single Ethiopian pupa has a hyaline, blade-shaped thoracic horn, tapering towards the apex, spinules on TIII and IV densely covering the tergite and the hook row is very broad, 70% the width of TII, again outside the range of all Australian species (0.30–0.63). Adults appear very similar, including in the shape of the inferior volsella. However, the larva and especially the pupa appear incompatible with C. albitarsis. Thus we consider C. albitibia from Australia to have been misidentified by Freeman. Examination of Hergstrom's proposed holotype and 2 paratypes of " C. albitarsis sp.nov ", now in the A.N.I.C., showed that the legs have pigmented femora, the distal ends of the tibiae also are pigmented, and the tarsomeres of the forelegs are mid-brown (as on the specimens described here), although Hergstrom describes the legs as "all legs pale yellow", and the key states "Tibiae and tarsi completely without dark pigment", without mentioning the colour of the femora. She does not describe the pupa and larva. Other character states fit this species, and it appears to be Hergstrom's manuscript name C. albitarsis, which is validated here with her authorship. Molecular evidence for the identity of ‘albitarsis’ comes from mature pupae from s.e. Queensland and Victoria close to identical to unreared larvae from across the eastern Australian range of the morphospecies. The situation regarding 2 specimens from Kambolgie Ck in southern Kakadu N.P. is uncertain. The female pupa (Mv- NT14.5.P2) conforms to the diagnoses here for C. albitarsis. The sole larva (Mv-NT14.5.3), is near identical to the pupa on molecular evidence, and keys to C. albitarsis but differs in the darker head capsule, the distinct Lauterborn organs and dark apex to the mandible less contrasting to a brown basal part. Unfortunately neither specimen is perfect – the pupa appears to have only 2 macrosetae on one side and on the other they are broken at the base and the larva has a worn/damaged median mentum. No additional candidates exist in older morphological material from the Alligator River Region. Molecular data indicate that these two specimens are divergent from C. albitarsis and lie as sister to the clade ‘ albitarsis + wangi’ (Krosch et al., submitted), much as implied by the morphology. Probably this constitutes a cryptic species but without further material with DNA associated, we will term the taxon ‘divergent N.T. albitarsis’. C. albitarsis is a widespread species across the continent, absent only from Tasmania. It tolerates elevated water temperatures and eutrophic to mine-contaminated standing and running waters, including the country’s largest rivers and those salinated. This species occurs also in relatively unimpacted waters, as evidenced by some molecular collection sites.Published as part of Drayson, Nick, Cranston, Peter S. & Krosch, Matt N., 2015, Taxonomic review of the chironomid genus Cricotopus v. d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia: keys to males, females, pupae and larvae, description of ten new species and comments on Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3919 (1) on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287861">http://zenodo.org/record/287861</a&gt

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