The number of ornamental polychaetes sold in the UK and Germany each month.

<p>The estimated range and mean number of coco worms and fan worms sold on a monthly basis in stores participating in the retail telephone survey across the UK; Scotland, Wales and the north, midlands and south of England and Germany. The percentage of retailers selling marine stock is present in brackets next to the corresponding region.</p

The source of marine ornamental stock in UK retail stores.

<p>Percentage of retailers across the UK; Scotland, Wales, the north, midlands and south of England and the UK mean, purchasing marine fan worms from TMC, KCC (a wholesaler based in Hull), importing directly themselves or a mixture of any of these (corresponding shading shown in legend). The number of retail stores that stock fan worms and answered this question is shown above the corresponding data bar.</p

“Types” of tropical polychaetes imported by TMC.

<p>“Types” of tropical polychaetes imported into the UK by TMC. a) “Midnight”, b) “Pink and white”, c) “Spiral”, d) “Yellow”, e) “Hard tube” from Bali; f) “Orange and white” from the Indian Ocean, g) “common” from Singapore, h) “cluster duster” from Dominican Republic, and i) “Caribbean” from the Philippines (photographs by J. Murray).</p

The collection location and morphological features of <i>Sabellastarte</i> species traded in the UK.

<p>Taxonomic groupings (A–L) based on specimens from the Singapore, Philippines and Kenya supplied by TMC. Information listed includes the number of specimens in each group, their locality, defining morphological characters; thorax (<i>Thx</i>), dorsal lips (<i>dl</i>), radioles (<i>rds</i>), branchial crown (<i>bc</i>), crown web (<i>wb</i>), collar (<i>c</i>), thoracic chaetae (<i>thx ch</i>), abdominal chaetae (<i>ab ch</i>), ventral collar lappets (<i>vcl</i>) collar pockets (<i>cp</i>) and dorsal lobes (<i>dlb</i>), and a conclusion to which species from the genus the group is most closely suited with their known distribution (Knight-Jones and Mackie, 2003). Specimens from the Indo Pacific Ocean includes records from; Zanzibar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, Hawaii & Western and Northern Australia.</p

Gene expression level of HUB genes.

<p>The histograms show the differences in the expression levels of the four HUB genes followed by real-time qPCR, identified in <i>P</i>. <i>lividus</i>: <i>NF-κB</i>, <i>δ-2-catenin</i>, <i>HIF1A</i> and <i>p53</i>. Embryos were grown in the presence of decadienal, heptadienal and octadienal at teratogenic concentrations (1.6, 3.0 and 4.5 μM, respectively) and collected at different times of development (5, 9, 24 and 48hpf). Data are reported as a fold difference (mean ± SD), compared to the control, embryos in sea water without aldehydes. Fold differences greater than ±2 (see the dotted horizontal guide lines at the values of +2 and −2) were considered significant.</p

Working model of hypothetical pathways potentially involved in the toxic PUAs stress response.

<p>PUAs may be able to activate four HUB genes (δ-2-catenin regulates <i>NF-κB</i>, which regulates <i>HIF1A</i>, which in its turn is regulated by <i>p53</i>; a crosstalk between <i>p53</i> and <i>NF-κB</i> has been reported in ref. 41) or several genes (belonging to different functional responses). All these genes may induce teratogenesis and/or to apoptosis in the sea urchin embryo.</p

Interactomic analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software.

<p>The network is displayed graphically as nodes (genes) and edges (the biological relationships between nodes). HUB nodes, genes that share the largest numbers of connections with other genes, are indicated by symbols of different colors: <i>RELA</i> in green; <i>CTNNB1</i> in red, <i>HIF1A</i> in light blue and <i>TP53</i> in yellow. The biological relationships between HUB nodes and the other significant genes are indicated by coloured arrows (indicating that a molecule modulates the expression of another), according to the colours of the HUB to which they are connected. The connections between CTNNB1-HIF1A, CTNNB1-RELA are indicated by edges and not by arrowheads because the solid edges indicate direct relationships between molecules due to real chemical modifications and, hence, to formation of direct physical contacts. Interaction between HUB nodes are indicated with grey arrows. Genes associated with HUB genes are reported with grey symbols. For further details on IPA analysis see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149734#sec002" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section.</p

Dose-dependent variation of gene expression levels induced by decadienal for the genes analyzed.

<p>Histograms show dose-dependent variations in expression levels of decadienal modulated genes. Samples incubated with increasing decadienal concentrations (1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0, 2.3 μM) were collected at different stages of development: early blastula (5hp), swimming blastula (9hpf), prism (24hpf) and pluteus (48 hpf) Data are reported as a fold difference (mean ± SD), compared to the control embryos in sea water without decadienal. Fold differences greater than ±2 (see the dotted horizontal guide lines at the values of +2 and −2) were considered significant. A colour code has been used in the histograms to distinguish the four functional classes of genes: green for stress genes, grey for genes involved in detoxification processes, blue for genes involved in developmental and differentiation processes, and red for skeletogenic genes.</p

Synopsis of dose-dependent gene expression of genes analyzed.

<p>Patterns of dose-dependent up- (red arrows) and down-regulation (blue arrows) of the four classes of genes in the sea urchin, <i>P. lividus</i>, in the presence of the PUAs decadienal, heptadienal and octadienal. Genes with two arrows are up- and down-regulated at different concentrations. The arrows correspond to fold differences greater than ±2, considered significant levels of down- or up-regulation.</p

Gene functional classes.

<p>The scheme indicates the four functional classes of genes used to which the thirty one genes analyzed in the present study belong: canonical stress genes, genes involved in detoxification processes, genes involved in developmental and differentiation processes and skeletogenic genes.</p