Infrastrutures and politics in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century: innovation in lighting and water supply

The building of water supply and lighting infrastructures - a fundamental factor in the urban modernisation process - was a common subject in Portuguese political rhetoric in the first half of the 20th century. Given that during that time Portugal went form a liberal regime (the First Republic) to authoritarian rule (the New State), the aims of this paper are to: - review the arguments, which were used by both regimes to appropriate the discourse on infrastructures;~ - identify the technical and technological options and the business models employed to build and manage the networks; - establish the rate at which they were implemented. The paper also attempts to fit the Portuguese case into the models and innovation processes followed in other countries

Voluntary associations, promotion of heritage and tourism in Portugal at the beginning of the 20th century. Actions on a local, national and international level

Tal como em outros países europeus também em Portugal surgiram, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, associações voluntarias com propósitos de preservação e promoção do património. Algumas daquelas associações tinham um carácter mais científico e/ou profissional, e desenvolviam uma ação que tinha em vista, sobretudo, o estudo e as intervenções especializadas nos monumentos histórico-artísticos e nos objetos de arte como era o caso, por exemplo, da Real Associação dos Architectos Civis Portugueses, fundada em 1863. Outras associações compreendiam um perfil de associados mais diversificado do ponto de vista profissional e das competências culturais e as suas atividades de promoção do património incluíam a divulgação do mesmo através do excursionismo e do turismo. Algumas destas associações tinham sede em Lisboa, a capital do país, onde o dinamismo e a expansão urbana fundamentavam um discurso de defesa do património histórico que o progresso colocava em perigo. A Sociedade Propaganda de Portugal (SPP), fundada em 1906, foi o exemplo mais importante deste tipo de associação em Portugal. O seu âmbito de ação era a nível nacional e teve um papel pioneiro na articulação entre a defesa do património cultural e a atividade turística. Assumia para o efeito a influência das várias associações e sociedades promotoras do turismo já existentes na Europa e considerava que um turismo cujos elementos de atração eram os monumentos, as paisagens e as tradições próprias do país trazia benefícios à economia nacional. Com esfera de atuação a nível local, mas incluindo nos seus propósitos a divulgação e a tração de visitantes, fundou-se em 1919 o Grupo pro-Évora, na cidade do mesmo nome (Évora) situada na província do Alentejo. Esta associação voluntária mantem as suas funções até aos nossos dias é uma das mais antigas e resilientes associações de defesa do património a nível local. A associação surgiu com o propósito de defender o património histórico e monumental eborense das más decisões dos poderes públicos e da cobiça dos privados mas assumiu igualmente o propósito de divulgar a atrair visitantes e turistas à cidade de Évora. Queremos analisar de forma comparativa como uma associação de âmbito local e outra de âmbito nacional, foram pioneiras e atuaram na defesa do património cultural, alargando o conceito do mesmo pela sua associação ao turismo. / As in other European countries, in Portugal, from the second half of the 19th century, voluntary associations were created with the purpose of preserving and promoting heritage Some of these associations had a more scientific and / or professional character, and developed an action that had in mind, especially, the study and the specialized interventions in the historical-artistic monuments and in the art objects as it was the case, for example, of the Real Association of Portuguese Civil Architects, founded in 1863. In other associations, where the members had a more diversified profile from a professional point of view, their activities of heritage promotion included the dissemination of that same heritage through hiking and tourism. Some of these associations were based in Lisbon, the capital of the country, where dynamism, modernization and urban expansion gave rise to a discourse to defend the historical heritage that the progress endangered. The Sociedade Propaganda de Portugal (SPP - Propaganda Society of Portugal), founded in 1806, was the most important example of this type of association in Portugal. Its scope of action was at a national level and had a pioneering role in the articulation between the defense of the cultural heritage and the tourist activity. In its action, it was influenced by the various tourism associations and societies that already existed in Europe, which led it to consider that the tourism that was based in monuments, landscapes and traditions of the country would have a significant development and would bring benefits to the national economy. At the local level, the Pro-Évora Group was founded in 1919, in the city of the same name (Évora) in the province of Alentejo, which included in its goals the dissemination of heritage and the attraction of visitors. This voluntary association maintains its functions until our days and is one of the oldest and resilient associations for the defense of the heritage at a local level. The association emerged with the purpose of defending the historic and monumental heritage of the city of Évora from the bad decisions of the public authorities and the greed of the private ones, but also assumed the purpose of disseminate and attract visitors and tourists to the city of Évora. In this communication, we intend to analyze in a comparative way how an association of a local scope and another one of national scope were pioneers and acted in the defense of the cultural heritage, extending its concept and associating it to the tourism

The World Exhibitions and the display of science, technology and culture: moving boundaries

From the moment the first World Exhibition was held in London, in 1851, these events have served as “windows” to scientific, technological and industrial progress, allowing the circulation and the disclosure of this change, either directly to visitors or through media publications worldwide. Under the realisation of these world events, which attracted many travellers, exhibitions enabled the parallel organisation of international conferences and congresses of professionals both in science and in industry, engineering and architecture

O que visitar em Paris durante a Exposição Universal de 1878: um guia turístico para geólogos

Este artigo parte da tradição constituída dos guias de turismo, para comentar os guias elaborados para as Exposições Universais. Apresenta um exemplo específico desses guias de turismo científico preparado para um Congresso que se realizou no âmbito de uma Exposição e que se tornaria modelar para os próximos eventos da área. Trata-se do Guide du géologue à l’Exposition universelle de 1878 et dans les collections publiques et privées de Paris. O Guide foi organizado para orientar os geólogos estrangeiros que participaram do Primeiro Congresso Internacional de Geologia realizado durante a Exposição Universal de Paris de 1878

Tourism Guidebooks and the Emergence of Contemporary Tourism in Portugal

As part of a utilitarian literature, travel guidebooks are a reflection of economic, social, cultural and technological changes that have been introduced, through time, on cultural or summer travels, and have been gradually undertaken by wider and wider social groups. Thus, analysis of various tourist guidebooks allows one to study different topics. On the one hand, travel guidebooks can be connected to the history of art and define the concept of heritage at each point in time. On the other hand, they are connected to the economic history through their interrelationship with different means of transport or new industries, which technological and industrial development provided for the travelers / tourists. Guidebooks act also as a tool for understanding space, which con tributes towards dissemination of information about new leisure facilities, such as spas or beaches, and towards construction of images about cities or the countryside. This chapter focuses on the establishment of the first institution for the promotion of tourism in Portugal and examines some travel guidebooks which were published between the end of the 1 t9I century and the beginning of the t2h0 century

Le rôle des ingénieurs dans l’administration portugaise: 1852-1900

Peer Reviewe

From the École de Ponts et Chaussées to Portuguese Railways: the transfer of technological knowledge and practices

Despite frequent but minor changes concerning the curricula of the courses, civil engineering, continued to be considered during the 19th century as part of military training, having no autonomous status. Thus, public works kept being carried out by military engineers, who were part of the whole embracing “technical services”, which were in charge of «the defence of the country, civil works, roads, geological and other surveys, draining, improvement of ports and the supervision and management of arsenals.» However, this hybrid profile was increasingly inadequate to the country's needs. In the Portuguese modernization agenda, which was largely based on public works (in particular railways, roads, sanitation and hygiene, and ports), civil engineers embodied the idea of progress, thus playing a decisive role in the “new” Portugal. Although the choice of “buying” foreign scientific and technological knowledge in the European market-place had evident costs to Portugal, namely by delaying the implementation of national centres for developing expertise and skills, the role played by Portuguese engineers that went abroad to attend foreign schools was crucial to the modernization agenda of the 19th century. In a peripheral country such as Portugal the quest for knew and updated technological knowledge relied deeply on the efficiency of a network of formal and informal channels, which acted has vehicles for learning and spreading new skills, new machines and new expertise’s. Studying abroad was part of this overall strategy aiming to appropriate foreign knowledge and to adapt it to local needs and expectations

The 19th century World Exhibitions and their photographic memories. Between historicism, exoticism and innovation in architecture

Peer Reviewe

Bringing it all Back Home: Portuguese Engineers and their Travels of Learning (1850-1900)

During the 19th century travels of learning became more and more focused, within a framework of a growing professionalisation and specialisation of sciences and technology. The dilettante and the polymath of the 18th century gave place to the professional man; the uncompromising travel diaries and notebooks gave place to the technical and scientific report or the textbook; the concept of learning itself swift from a general approach to a well circumscribed field of expertise. It is within this context of the growing specialisation of both the travel and the travellers that the travels of Portuguese engineers during the 19th century will be examined in this paper

Transport, tourism and technology in Portugal between the late 19th and early 20th centuries

In recent years, tourism has experienced increasing interest from researchers in various areas, a fact that has resulted not only in a diversity of approaches from which this theme can be treated, but also in the uncovering of the interconnections that exist between tourism and the development of the economy of transport and of society. Thus, tourist growth in each country has been the subject of several studies, ranging from economics to the political and cultural aspects associated with publicizing the country as well as to the links between tourism and transport developments. Research on the institutions promoting tourism and the magazines in which it is advertised has led to an understanding of the role that professionals such as engineers have played in promoting the activity and how they have long regarded it as a form of development for the economy and for transport. The study of travel guides is another possible approach to understanding the links between tourism and transport. Utilitarian in their nature, travel guides are a reflection of the economic, social, cultural and technological changes that, over time, have been introduced into travel for cultural purposes or for summer vacations, and which gradually have come to be participated in by increasingly larger social groups. The analysis of various tourist guides allows for an approach to various themes, particularly the different forms of transport and the new industries that technological and industrial development have made available for travelers/tourists. Analyzing the 20th century tourism phenomenon thereby implies understanding all the economic, social, political and technological changes that were initiated in the second half of the 18th century and which eventually brought about today’s phenomenon of ‘mass tourism’. Access to tourist travel – for improving knowledge, for leisure or even for therapeutic reasons – at the beginning of the 18th century, a privilege of the aristocracy, was gradually extended to include the rich bourgeoisie. Throughout the 19th century, it embraced even wider social strata through the development of transport and communications. However, in the 20th century its high level of growth allowed tourism to become, for many regions and even for some countries, one of the main sources of income and an important support for the economy. Throughout the 20th century, new achievements were established in the world of work, such as the right to paid holidays, which contributed largely to increase the numbers of those who could spend their leisure time getting to know other places and other cultures. Many of the changes that occurred in tourism were determined by the technological and industrial innovations that generated an increase in and a broadening of new means of transport. As Catherine Bertho Lavenir observes, "les voyages changent comme changent les techniques" (Lavenir 1999: 9). According to this author, today’s characteristics of tourism are the result of an evolution marked by three distinct moments, separated by technological changes. The first period was the age of coaches and railways. The article seeks to examine the links that, from the late 19th century into the early decades of the 20th, were established in Portugal between tourism and transport, connecting them with the strategies followed by railway companies, cycling associations, the Automobile Club of Portugal (1903) and Sociedade de Propaganda de Portugal (1906) in the promotion of tourism travel within Portugal and abroad