Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

DETERMINATION OF PHOTO ACOUSTIC SPECTRA OF DYES-I CONGO RED

On présente les spectres photo acoustiques du Rouge Congo qui est un matériau opaque. On compare les spectres PA du solide, les spectres de transmission d'une solution diluée, le spectre PA du colorant déposé sur un papier filtre.Photo acoustic (PA) spectra of one of the optically opaque material dye Congo-Red has been reported. The PA spectra of solid dye have been compared with the transmission spectrum of the diluate aquous solution of the dye as well as the PA spectrum of the air dried aquous solution of the dye on a filter paper

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Paper presented in World Congress on “Agroforestry, Trees for life: accelerating the impact of agroforestry,” 10-14, Feb 2014, organized by WAC and ICAR at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.Not AvailableNot Availabl

Performance of a two-stage solar concentrator

The geometrical concentration characteristics of a two-stage system employing a composite parabolic trough as a primary--and a compound parabolic concentrator as a secondary--concentrator are discussed. The relative merits of such a two-stage system over a single-stage CPT are brought out from simple thermal performance considerations.

Concentration characteristics of composite parabolic concentrators

The variation of the geometrical concentration ratio for cylindrical and flat plate receivers with the strip width of a composite cylindrical parabola concentrator has been examined numerically in cases when the edges of the constituent strips lie on the parent parabola.

Geometrical optical performance studies of a composite parabolic trough with a fin receiver

The geometrical optical performance characteristics of a composite parabolic trough (CPT) with a fin receiver have been studied. The variation of geometrical concentration ratio with mirror element size and the rim angle of the parent parabola has been studied and the results are presented graphically. The distribution of local concentration ratio over the receiver plane has also been determined for some typical concentrator designs.

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Book chapter published in: Livestock Production under diverse constraints: Indian experience in its management (Editor: NSR Sastry).Not AvailableNot Availabl