第1058回千葉医学会例会・整形外科例会

Accessions of the WOSR populations. (XLSX 13 kb

Table_1_Speciation Success of Polyploid Plants Closely Relates to the Regulation of Meiotic Recombination.XLSX

<p>Polyploidization is a widespread phenomenon, especially in flowering plants that have all undergone at least one event of whole genome duplication during their evolutionary history. Consequently, a large range of plants, including many of the world’s crops, combines more than two sets of chromosomes originating from the same (autopolyploids) or related species (allopolyploids). Depending on the polyploid formation pathway, different patterns of recombination will be promoted, conditioning the level of heterozygosity. A polyploid population harboring a high level of heterozygosity will produce more genetically diverse progenies. Some of these individuals may show a better adaptability to different ecological niches, increasing their chance for successful establishment through natural selection. Another condition for young polyploids to survive corresponds to the formation of well-balanced gametes, assuring a sufficient level of fertility. In this review, we discuss the consequences of polyploid formation pathways, meiotic behavior and recombination regulation on the speciation success and maintenance of polyploid species.</p

Additional file 7: Table S6. of Genetic basis of nitrogen use efficiency and yield stability across environments in winter rapeseed

Results of the linkage analyses for the DH populations for each trial × N × trait combination. (XLSX 38 kb

Amplifying recombination genome-wide and reshaping crossover landscapes in <i>Brassicas</i> - Fig 1

<p><b>Schematic detailing the production of (a) A</b>_<b>r</b><b>A</b>_<b>r’</b><b>and A</b>_<b>r</b><b>A</b>_<b>r’</b><b>C</b>_<b>o</b><b>and (b) A</b>_<b>n</b><b>A</b>_<b>r’</b><b>and A</b>_<b>n</b><b>A</b>_<b>r’</b><b>C</b>_<b>n</b><b>F</b>_<b>1</b><b>hybrids combinations, and their progenies.</b> A_rA_r and A_r’A_r’ represent <i>B</i>. <i>rapa</i> cv. ‘C1.3’ and ‘Chiifu-401’, respectively, C_oC_o designates the <i>B</i>. <i>oleracea</i> cv. ‘RC34’, and A_nA_nC_nC_n represents the <i>B</i>. <i>napus</i> cv. ‘Darmor’. The A_nA_n plant corresponds to the diploid component of <i>B</i>. <i>napus</i> cv. ‘Darmor’ extracted from five generations of backcrosses by Pelé <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#pgen.1006794.ref071" target="_blank">71</a>]. The progenies were generated from female (♀) or male (♂) F₁ hybrids using the <i>B</i>. <i>napus</i> cv. ‘Darmor’ for (<b>a</b>) and ‘Yudal’ for (<b>b</b>). Below each progeny are indicated the number of crossover observed from their genotyping.</p

Circos diagram comparing the recombination rates along the 10 A chromosomes in cM per Mbp between the AA and AAC F₁ hybrids.

<p>In the first outer circle are represented the 10 A chromosomes of the <i>B</i>. <i>rapa</i> cv. ‘Chiifu-401’ genome sequence version 1.5 [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#pgen.1006794.ref057" target="_blank">57</a>]. Their sizes are indicated by the values in megabase pairs above each chromosome, and a ruler drawn underneath each chromosome, with larger and smaller tick marks every 10 and 2 Mbp, respectively. In the second outer circle, is detailed the architecture of each A chromosome, including the genes and transposable elements (TEs) densities from the version 1.5 of the <i>B</i>. <i>rapa</i> cv. ‘Chiifu-401’ genome sequence [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#pgen.1006794.ref057" target="_blank">57</a>]. The active centromeres are delimited in black using the positions established by Mason <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#pgen.1006794.ref081" target="_blank">81</a>]. In the third outer circle, are indicated the positions of the 204 SNP markers used for the genotyping of the progenies of each AA and AAC F₁ hybrid. In the three inner circles, are represented the pair-wise comparisons for the recombination landscapes (in cM per Mb) of progenies deriving from the AA and AAC F₁ hybrids. Toward the Circos diagram center, are compared (i) the A_rA_r’ (purple lines) and A_rA_r’C_o (light purple lines) female hybrids, (ii) the A_nA_r’ (red lines) and A_nA_r’C_n (pink lines) female hybrids, and (iii) the A_nA_r’ (blue lines) and A_nA_r’C_n (light blue lines) male hybrids. For each interval between adjacent SNP markers, the heterogeneity of CO rates was assessed using Chi-squared tests and significant differences at a threshold of 5% were indicated for each pair-wise comparison between AA and AAC F₁ hybrids in grey.</p

Recombination rates in Centimorgan (cM) for the cumulated A chromosomes in AA and AAC F₁ hybrids.

<p>Values obtained for the diploid hybrids are indicated on the left of the graph from female A_rA_r’ (in purple), female A_nA_r’ (in red) and male A_nA_r’ (in blue). Values obtained for the allotriploid hybrids are indicated on the right of the graph from female A_rA_r’C_o (in light purple), female A_nA_r’C_n (in pink) and male A_nA_r’C_n (in light blue). Statistical differences, providing from a Bonferroni corrected Chi-squared test at a threshold of 5%, are indicated by the letters (a to e).</p

Distributions of inter-crossover genetic distances in AA and AAC F₁ hybrids when pooling all 10 chromosomes.

<p>Comparison of the distribution of genetic distances between successive COs from populations deriving of (<b>a</b>) females A_rA_r’ (in purple) <i>vs</i> A_rA_r’C_o (in light purple), (<b>b</b>) females A_nA_r’ (in red) <i>vs</i> A_nA_r’C_n (in pink) and (<b>c</b>) males A_nA_r’ (in blue) <i>vs</i> A_nA_r’C_n (in light blue). Data are pooled over the 10 A chromosomes. X-axis: genetic distance between successive COs. Solid lines correspond to experimental data. Dashed lines indicate the corresponding distributions in the "no-interference" situation, obtained by re-shuffling CO positions of experimental data (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#sec013" target="_blank">Methods</a>). For each population, the Küllback-Leibler divergence (KL Div.) from the experimental to the "no-interference" distribution provides a quantitative measurement of interference strength. p-value: one-sided <i>p</i>-value of the H₀ hypothesis that the diploids and allotriploids have the same KL Div. index (and thus interference strength). Sufficiently small values indicate significantly higher interference in diploids than in allotriploids (see details in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006794#sec013" target="_blank">Methods</a>).</p

Relationship between the average numbers of crossovers formed per pair of homologous A chromosome and their physical size covered by SNP markers in Mbp for each of the AA and AAC F₁ hybrids.

<p>Female A_rA_r’ (purple circle): y = 0,04185x+0,38480; R² = 0.55. Female A_nA_r’ (red circles): y = 0,04771x+0,48786; R² = 0.57. Male A_nA_r’ (blue circles): y = 0,061438x+0,297309; R² = 0.88. Female A_rA_r’C_o (light purple squares): y = 0,16515x-0,06161; R² = 0.88. Female A_nA_r’C_n (pink squares): y = 0,22049x+0,20151; R² = 0.89. Male A_nA_r’C_n (light blue squares): y = 0,12617x+0,24270); R² = 0.83.</p