40 research outputs found

    Aetiology of acute respiratory infection in preschool children requiring hospitalisation in Europe-results from the PED-MERMAIDS multicentre case-control study.

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    BACKGROUND: Both pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently detected in the nasopharynx (NP) of children in the absence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms. The aim of this study was to estimate the aetiological fractions for ARI hospitalisation in children for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus and to determine whether detection of specific respiratory pathogens on NP samples was associated with ARI hospitalisation. METHODS: 349 children up to 5 years of age hospitalised for ARI (following a symptom-based case definition) and 306 hospital controls were prospectively enrolled in 16 centres across seven European Union countries between 2016 and 2019. Admission day NP swabs were analysed by multiplex PCR for 25 targets. RESULTS: RSV was the leading single cause of ARI hospitalisations, with an overall population attributable fraction (PAF) of 33.4% and high seasonality as well as preponderance in younger children. Detection of RSV on NP swabs was strongly associated with ARI hospitalisation (OR adjusted for age and season: 20.6, 95% CI: 9.4 to 45.3). Detection of three other viral pathogens showed strong associations with ARI hospitalisation: influenza viruses had an adjusted OR of 6.1 (95% CI: 2.5 to 14.9), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) an adjusted OR of 4.6 (95% CI: 1.8 to 11.3) and metapneumoviruses an adjusted OR of 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3 to 16.1). Influenza viruses had a PAF of 7.9%, PIVs of 6.5% and metapneumoviruses of 3.0%. In contrast, most other pathogens were found in similar proportions in cases and controls, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, which was weakly associated with case status, and endemic coronaviruses. CONCLUSION: RSV is the predominant cause of ARI hospitalisations in young children in Europe and its detection, as well as detection of influenza virus, PIV or metapneumovirus, on NP swabs can establish aetiology with high probability. PAFs for RSV and influenza virus are highly seasonal and age dependent

    AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

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    : High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNetÂź convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNetÂź model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

    Epidemiologische surveillance van invasieve infecties veroorzaakt door groep A streptokokken S. pyogenes - 2017 tot 2023

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    Hoofdpunten: ‱ Alle gegevensbronnen (peillabo’s, Nationaal Referentiecentrum en verplichte meldingen) geven dezelfde globale trends aan: een lage frequentie van iGAS tijdens de pandemische jaren 2020-2021 en een sterke stijging vanaf eind 2022, met hele hoge aantallen in 2023. ‱ De piek van het aantal gerapporteerde iGAS gevallen lag rond de jaarwisseling 2022-2023: in december ‘22 volgens de cijfers van het Nationaal Referentiecentrum (NRC) en de peillaboratoria, in januari ‘23 volgens de cijfers van de verplichte meldingen (VM). ‱ Hoe groot de relatieve toename juist was ten opzichte van vorige jaren is moeilijk te zeggen wegens beperkingen in de verschillende gegevensbronnen. ‱ Het meest voorkomende genotype tijdens de piek van 2022-2023 was M1. ‱ Het is onduidelijk waardoor de piek juist veroorzaakt werd, vermoedelijk speelt een combinatie van factoren een rol: lage circulatie tijdens de pandemie waardoor verminderde opbouw van immuniteit bij jonge kinderen, plots meer nauwe contacten en meer andere virale infecties (die een risicofactor vormen voor iGAS) na opheffen hygiĂ«nische maatregelen en mogelijk ook een meer virulent genotype. ‱ De leeftijdsgroepen die het meest getroffen worden, zijn kinderen onder de 5 jaar en volwassenen ouder dan 65 jaar. ‱ Het betreft ernstige infecties die bijna steeds een ziekenhuisopname vereisen en gepaard gaan met een hoge mortaliteit. Exacte cijfers in verband met mortaliteit zijn er echter niet omwille van problemen met het coderen van de uitkomst (voor de overlijdenscertificaten en minimale ziekenhuisgegevens), registratie op moment van de acute infectie zonder opvolging in de tijd (NRC gegevens), of een beperkte dekkingsgraad (verplichte&nbsp;meldingen).</p

    Surveillance épidémiologique des infections invasives causées par les streptocoques du groupe A S. pyogenes - 2017 à 2023

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    Messages clĂ©s: ‱ Toutes les sources de donnĂ©es (laboratoires vigies, Centre National de RĂ©fĂ©rence et dĂ©claration obligatoires) indiquent les mĂȘmes tendances gĂ©nĂ©rales&nbsp;: la frĂ©quence de l&#8217;iGAS a Ă©tĂ© faible pendant les annĂ©es pandĂ©miques 2020-2021 et a fortement augmentĂ© Ă  partir de la fin de 2022, avec des chiffres trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s en 2023. ‱ Le pic du nombre de cas signalĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© atteint au tournant de l&#8217;annĂ©e 2022-2023&nbsp;: dĂ©cembre ‘22 selon les chiffres du Centre national de rĂ©fĂ©rence (CNR) et les laboratoires vigies, janvier ‘23 selon les chiffres de la dĂ©claration obligatoire (DO). ‱ Il est difficile de dĂ©terminer l&#8217;ampleur exacte de l&#8217;augmentation relative par rapport aux annĂ©es prĂ©cĂ©dentes en raison des limites des diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es. ‱ Le gĂ©notype le plus courant pendant le pic 2022-2023 Ă©tait M1. ‱ On ne sait pas exactement ce qui a provoquĂ© ce pic, mais il est probable qu&#8217;une combinaison de facteurs joue un rĂŽle&nbsp;: une faible circulation pendant la pandĂ©mie entraĂźnant une rĂ©duction de l&#8217;immunitĂ© chez les jeunes enfants, une augmentation soudaine des contacts Ă©troits et des autres infections virales (qui sont un facteur de risque pour l&#8217;iGAS) aprĂšs la levĂ©e des mesures d&#8217;hygiĂšne, et peut-ĂȘtre aussi un gĂ©notype plus virulent. ‱ Les groupes d&#8217;Ăąge les plus touchĂ©s sont les enfants de moins de 5 ans et les adultes de plus de 65 ans. ‱ Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;infections graves qui nĂ©cessitent presque toujours une hospitalisation et sont associĂ©es Ă  une mortalitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e. Toutefois, les chiffres exacts relatifs Ă  la mortalitĂ© ne sont pas disponibles en raison de problĂšmes d’encodage des donnĂ©es (pour les certificats de dĂ©cĂšs et les donnĂ©es du RĂ©sumĂ© Hospitalier Minimal), de l&#8217;enregistrement au moment de l&#8217;infection aiguĂ«, sans suivi dans le temps (donnĂ©es du CNR), ou d&#8217;une couverture limitĂ©e (dĂ©claration&nbsp;obligatoire).</p

    Inhibition of CD26/DPP IV attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in orthotopic mouse lung transplants: The pivotal role of vasoactive intestinal peptide

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    The T cell activation Ag CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) combines co-stimulatory and enzymatic properties. Catalytically, it functions as an exopeptidase, modulating biological activity of key chemokines and peptides. Here we investigated the effect of organ-specific inhibition of DPP IV catalytic activity on ischemia/reperfusion injury after extended ischemia in the mouse model of orthotopic single lung transplantation. C57BL/6 mice were syngeneically, transplanted, grafts were perfused and stored in Perfadex with (treated) or without (control) a DPP IV enzymatic activity inhibitor (AB192). Transplantation was performed after 18h cold ischemia time; following 2-h reperfusion, grafts were analyzed for oxygenation, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, histomorphology, and immunohistochemistry was performed for leukocyte Ag 6, myeloperoxidase, hemoxygenase 1, vasoactive intestinal protein (VIP), and real-time PCR for VIP. Treatment with the DPP IV inhibitor AB192 resulted in significant improvement of gas exchange, less lipid oxidation, preservation of parenchymal ultrastructure, reduced neutrophil infiltration, reduced myeloperoxidase expression, increased hemoxygenase 1 expression, pronounced expression of VIP in alveolar macrophages and increased mRNA expression of VIP. Inhibition of intragraft DPP IV catalytic activity with AB192 strikingly ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury after extended ischemia. Furthermore, preservation of endogenous intragraft VIP levels correlate with maintaining lung function and structural integrity
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