Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations of MCD-fed mice with or without FOS treatment.

<p>* p = 0.04, ** p < 0.01.</p

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of microbiological flora and macroscopic findings of feces from control, methionine–choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed, and FOS-treated MCD-fed mice.

<p>Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of microbiological flora and macroscopic findings of feces from control, methionine–choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed, and FOS-treated MCD-fed mice.</p

Flow cytometric analysis of F4/80⁺ CD11b⁺ Kupffer cells in the livers of MCD-fed mice with or without FOS treatment.

<p>A, Frequency of CD14⁺ Kupffer cells. B, Cell counts of total Kupffer cells and CD14⁺ Kupffer cells. * p < 0.05. C. Mean fluorescence intensity ratio of Toll-like receptor 4 in CD14⁻ and CD14⁺ Kupffer cells. * p < 0.05.</p

Fructo-oligosaccharides and intestinal barrier function in a methionine–choline-deficient mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis - Fig 3

<p>A. Mean villus heights (** p < 0.01) hematoxylin-eosin (HE, ×400. <i>Bar</i> = 50 μm) and B. zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1, ×600. <i>Bar</i> = 50 μm) staining in the ileal villus epithelium of methionine-choline-deficient diet-fed mice with or without the fructo-oligosaccharide treatment. C. Serumendotoxin level. * p < 0.05.</p

Immunohistochemical evaluation of IgA in ileal and colonic tissues and fecal IgA concentrations of MCD-fed mice with or without FOS treatment.

<p>A. Villus IgA staining in each group (× 600. <i>Bar</i> = 100 μm). B. Villus IgA-positive cells in each group. ** p < 0.01. C. Fecal IgA concentration in each group. * p = 0.01, ** p = 0.003.</p

Cecal findings of MCD-fed mice with or without FOS treatment.

<p>A. and B. Macroscopic findings and mean length of the cecum in each group. ** p < 0.01. C. IgA staining of the cecal patch in each group (× 600. <i>Bar</i> = 100 μm). GC denotes germinal center. D. IgA-positive cell counts in each group. ** p < 0.01. E. Flow cytometric analysis of CD19⁺ B cell numbers (E) and mean fluorescence intensity ratio of CD38 (F) in each group. * p = 0.02.</p

The supposed mechanism by which dysbiosis influences nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its regulation by fructo-oligosaccharides.

<p>The supposed mechanism by which dysbiosis influences nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its regulation by fructo-oligosaccharides.</p

MCD-fed mice with or without FOS treatment.

<p>A. Mean values of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). *** p < 0.001. B. Macroscopic findings of the liver. C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. ** p < 0.01, * p = 0.03. Histological findings of the liver (D. hematoxylin–eosin stain, E. TNF-alpha stain. × 100. <i>Bar</i> = 100 μm).</p