Valorisation of Apple Peels

The peels of processed apples can be recovered for further food applications. Limited information on the valorisation of this type of waste is available for cooking varieties, e.g. cv Bramley’s Seedling. Extracts from fresh or dried (oven-dried or freeze-dried) peels were obtained with solvents of different polarity (aqueous acetone or ethanol) and assayed for their total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity; their antiradical power was compared to herb extracts. The dried peels were also characterised as bulk powders by assessing their nutritional value and total phenolic content. High amounts of ascorbic acid (up to 4 mg/g, dry weight) and polyphenols (up to 27 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, dry weight) were found in the peels, with the latter contributing significantly to the antioxidant capacity; the nutrient profile was low in 2 protein (less than 10%, w/w) and total dietary fibre content (less than 40%, w/w). Higher yields of phenolic antioxidants were recovered with acetone from freeze-dried peels; the resulting extracts had equivalent antioxidant power to oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare L.). The combination of oven-drying/ethanol led to lower recovery yields of phenolic antioxidants; however, these conditions could increase the feasibility of the extraction process, leading to antioxidant extracts with lower energy or cost input, and higher suitability for further food use. The recovery of phenolic antioxidants from the peels of processed apples could be a valuable alternative to traditional disposal routes (including landfill), in particular for cooking varieties. The recycling process could enhance the growth of traditional culinary apple markets in UK and Ireland thanks to the new business opportunities for the peel-derived materials

Quality Markers of Functional Tomato Juice With Added Apple Phenolic Antioxidants

The natural approach to food stabilisation is at the forefront of research on plant compounds for food use. Matrix interactions and stability studies of the incorporated foods are necessary prior to further food processing. In this study, apple peel phenolic fractionated based on acidity (flavonoids and phenolic acids) were added to a commercial bottled tomato juice. The juice was left open i.e. air in the headspace at 4°C for 4 days to assess its physical-chemical quality, and for 10 days for the microbiological analysis. Quality markers were analysed (colour and turbidity) and showed that apple peel phenolics, particularly procyanidins, could form insoluble complexes with colloidal pectins thus affecting the turbidity; this led to brighter juice colours with enhanced yellowness due to added flavonol glycosides. The presence of other natural antioxidants (i.e. ascorbic acid and carotenoids) in the tomato juice was not affected by the presence of peel phenolics. Ascorbic acid was partially reduced during storage in all the juice samples. However, such decrease was counterbalanced by the presence of the added peel phenolics whose amount remained constant over time, thus contributing to a higher radical scavenging capacity compared to the control. The microbiological spoilage of the opened tomato juice was also delayed by 2-3 days in the presence of apple peel phenolics compared to the control. As a result, the open-package shelf-life of the bottled tomato juice was extended. The antimicrobial capacity was possibly due to the acidity of phenolic acids and the presence of apple flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols and flavonols that are likely to affect the transportation of nutrients across the cell membranes of the spoilage microflora

Retrospective Observational Study on Microbial Contamination of Ulcerative Foot Lesions in Diabetic Patients

According to recent studies, there are almost 435 million people worldwide with diabetes mellitus. It is estimated that of these 148 million will develop Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) during their lifetime, of which 35 to 50% will be infected. In this scenario, the presence and frequency of pathogenic microorganisms and their level of susceptibility to the most frequent classes of antibiotics used to treat this pathological condition from patients with DFUs admitted to the outpatient clinic of vascular surgery of the Federico II University Hospital of Naples from January 2019 to March 2021 were investigated. Furthermore, the diabetic population characteristics under study (i.e., general, clinical, and comorbidities) and the pathogenic bacteria isolated from lesions were also considered. Bacterial strains poorly susceptible to antibiotics were more frequent in polymicrobial infections than in monomicrobial infections. β-Lactams showed the highest levels of resistance, followed by fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and finally macrolides. The main findings of the study demonstrated that the occurrence of resistant microorganisms is the dominant factor in ulcer healing; thus it is essential to investigate the antibiotics’ susceptibility before setting antibiotic therapy to avoid inappropriate prescriptions that would affect the treatment and increase the development and spread of antibiotic resistanc

Intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 among Italian nurses during the pandemic

Background: While the COVID-19 pandemic has spread globally, health systems are overwhelmed by both direct and indirect mortality from other treatable conditions. COVID-19 vaccination was crucial to preventing and eliminating the disease, so vaccine development for COVID-19 was fast-tracked worldwide. Despite the fact that vaccination is commonly recognized as the most effective approach, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccine hesitancy is a global health issue. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of nurses in four different regions in Italy between 20 and 28 December 2020 to obtain data on the acceptance of the upcoming COVID-19 vaccination in order to plan specific interventions to increase the rate of vaccine coverage. Results: A total of 531 out of the 5000 nurses invited completed the online questionnaire. Most of the nurses enrolled in the study (73.4%) were female. Among the nurses, 91.5% intended to accept vaccination, whereas 2.3% were opposed and 6.2% were undecided. Female sex and confidence in vaccine efficacy represent the main predictors of vaccine intention among the study population using a logistic regression model, while other factors including vaccine safety concerns (side effects) were non-significant. Conclusions: Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, intention to be vaccinated was suboptimal among nurses in our sample. We also found a significant number of people undecided as to whether to accept the vaccine. Contrary to expectations, concerns about the safety of the vaccine were not found to affect the acceptance rate; nurses’ perception of vaccine efficacy and female sex were the main influencing factors on attitudes toward vaccination in our sample. Since the success of the COVID-19 immunization plan depends on the uptake rate, these findings are of great interest for public health policies. Interventions aimed at increasing employee awareness of vaccination efficacy should be promoted among nurses in order to increase the number of vaccinated people

Twelve Variants Polygenic Score for Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Distribution in a Large Cohort of Patients With Clinically Diagnosed Familial Hypercholesterolemia With or Without Causative Mutations

: Background A significant proportion of individuals clinically diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), but without any disease-causing mutation, are likely to have polygenic hypercholesterolemia. We evaluated the distribution of a polygenic risk score, consisting of 12 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-raising variants (polygenic LDL-C risk score), in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of FH. Methods and Results Within the Lipid Transport Disorders Italian Genetic Network (LIPIGEN) study, 875 patients who were FH-mutation positive (women, 54.75%; mean age, 42.47±15.00 years) and 644 patients who were FH-mutation negative (women, 54.21%; mean age, 49.73±13.54 years) were evaluated. Patients who were FH-mutation negative had lower mean levels of pretreatment LDL-C than patients who were FH-mutation positive (217.14±55.49 versus 270.52±68.59 mg/dL, P<0.0001). The mean value (±SD) of the polygenic LDL-C risk score was 1.00 (±0.18) in patients who were FH-mutation negative and 0.94 (±0.20) in patients who were FH-mutation positive (P<0.0001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve for recognizing subjects characterized by polygenic hypercholesterolemia was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.56-0.62), with sensitivity and specificity being 78% and 36%, respectively, at 0.905 as a cutoff value. Higher mean polygenic LDL-C risk score levels were observed among patients who were FH-mutation negative having pretreatment LDL-C levels in the range of 150 to 350 mg/dL (150-249 mg/dL: 1.01 versus 0.91, P<0.0001; 250-349 mg/dL: 1.02 versus 0.95, P=0.0001). A positive correlation between polygenic LDL-C risk score and pretreatment LDL-C levels was observed among patients with FH independently of the presence of causative mutations. Conclusions This analysis confirms the role of polymorphisms in modulating LDL-C levels, even in patients with genetically confirmed FH. More data are needed to support the use of the polygenic score in routine clinical practice

Quality Markers of Functional Tomato Juice with Added Apple Phenolic Antioxidants

Using natural antioxidants instead of synthetic additives for food stabilisation is at the forefront of research in food formulation. Matrix interactions and stability studies of the incorporated foods are necessary prior to further processing. In this study, apple peel phenolics were added to a commercial bottled tomato juice. The juice was opened and then stored in the presence of air in the headspace at 4 °C for four days to assess its physical-chemical stability (pH, turbidity, colour and total phenolic content) and nutritional content (ascorbic acid and total carotenoids); it was also stored at 4 °C for 10 days for the microbiological analysis. The antimicrobial capacity of the phenolic extracts was tested against a range of food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Results showed that apple peel phenolics could form complexes with colloidal pectins thus increasing the turbidity, even though this effect was not significant during the four-day storage; the colour of the enriched juice was brighter with enhanced yellowness due to added pigments such as flavonol glycosides. The presence of other natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid and carotenoids) in tomato juice was not affected by the addition of peel phenolics. Ascorbic acid was partially reduced during storage in all the juice samples; however, the presence of the added peel phenolics whose amount remained constant over time significantly contributed to a higher radical scavenging capacity compared to the control. The microbiological spoilage of the opened tomato juice was also delayed by two to three days in the presence of apple peel phenolics compared to the control. The antimicrobial capacity was due to a bacteriostatic effect of the phenolic extracts mostly against the growth of yeasts; the antimicrobial capacity was related to the acidity of phenolic acids and the presence of apple flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols

Exogenous nitric oxide enhances Cd tolerance in the rice root system by interacting with auxin

Oryza sativa L. is a worldwide food-crop frequently growing in cadmium (Cd) polluted soils. High Cd concentrations alter plant development and, in particular, the root-system, both by affecting auxin metabolism and by triggering reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), thereby affecting rice yield. In addition, Cd2+ easily enters in the rice root cells through passive transport, reaching the grains after xylem-tophloem transfer, thus becoming a threat to food security. Nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide – NO) is a ubiquitous gaseous molecule involved in numerous animal and plant physiological processes, and it is also a mediator of plant development and of abiotic/biotic stresses response. Various reports highlight that NO has an important role in alleviating heavy metal toxicity and reducing the oxidative damages in plant organs either by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes or by directly scavenging ROS. On the other hand, heavy metal-induced accumulation of NO was reported to be responsible for heavy metal toxicity. Indeed, NO can act either as a stress-inducing agent or as a protective molecule depending on its concentration, the plant tissue or age, and the type/severity of stress. At optimal levels, NO interacts with auxins [both indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA)] during root growth and development. An auxin-induced NO production during many plant root responses has been suggested trough the modulation of the activity of enzymes involved in NO biosynthesis, while studies carried out with exogenous application of NO-specific donor compounds (i.e. sodium-nitroprusside, SNP) have demonstrated the involvement of the signal molecule in auxin metabolism, transport and signalling. However, the complex mechanisms underlying the interaction between NO and auxin during the metal stress is still poorly understood and need to be better investigated, together with further elucidations about the multifaceted role of NO (i.e. as a mitigating or a stressor agent) during Cd toxicity. To this aim, the effects of Cd toxicity on rice root anatomy/morphology and on H2O2 and O2●ˉ production, and the possible recovery by NO, was evaluated after 100μM Cd exposure, combined or not with SNP at 50μM. Moreover, endogenous IAA/IBA contents, transcription-levels of OsYUCCA1 and OsASA2 IAA-biosynthetic-genes, and expression of the IAA-responsive DR5::GUS construct were analysed, and the NO-epifluorescence levels measured. Our results show that exogenous treatments with the NO-donor SNP increase intracellular root NO levels in in vitro grown rice seedlings not exposed to Cd and restore the NO-levels reduced by the heavy metal. In addition, SNP treatments mitigate both the increase in the HPLC-measured root IAA levels and the alteration of its distribution monitored by the DR5::GUS system due to the toxic metal exposure. Notably, treatments with Cd alone or combined with SNP reduced YUCCA1 expression compared to the Control, while no effects were detected on ASA2, suggesting no involvement of the two IAA biosynthetic genes in the Cd-related increase of the IAA levels detected. Finally, the enhanced cellular NO-content alleviates the Cd-induced root morphological and histological damages and the root H2O2 and O2●ˉ overproduction. Moreover, exogenous NO decreases the heavy-metal uptake. All together our data highlight the beneficial effects of the NO in alleviating Cd toxicity in rice

Multi-technique characterisation of commercial alizarin-based lakes

The characterization of ancient and modern alizarin-based lakes is a largely studied topic in the literature. Analytical data on contemporary alizarin-based lakes, however, are still poor, though of primary importance, since these lakes might be indeed present in contemporary and fake paintings as well as in retouchings. In this work we systematically investigate the chemical composition and the optical features of fifteen alizarin-based lakes, by a multi-analytical technique approach combining spectroscopic methods (i.e. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, EDXRF; Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR; X-ray Powder Diffraction, XRD; UV induced fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopies) and chromatography (i.e. High-performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Photodiode Array Detector, HPLC-PDA). Most of the samples contain typical compounds from the natural roots of madder, as occurring in ancient and modern lakes, but in two samples (23600-Kremer-Pigmente and alizarin crimson-Zecchi) any anthraquinonic structures were identified, thus leading to hypothesize the presence of synthetic dyes. The detection of lucidin primeveroside and ruberythrique acid in some lakes suggest the use of Rubia tinctorum. One sample (23610-Kremer-Pigmente) presents alizarin as the sole compound, thereby revealing to be a synthetic dye. Moreover, gibbsite, alunite and kaolinite were found to be used as substrates and/or mordants. Visible absorption spectra of the anthraquinonic lakes show two main absorption bands at about 494–511 nm and 537–564 nm, along with a shoulder at about 473–479 nm in presence of high amounts of purpurin. Finally, from the results obtained by UV induced fluorescence spectroscopy it is possible to figure out that, although it is commonly assumed that the madder lake presents an orange-pink fluorescence, the inorganic compounds, added to the recipe, could induce a quenching phenomenon or an inhibition of the fluorescence, as occurring in some commercial alizarin-based lakes

Self-isolation of an Italian long-term care facility during COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison study on care-related infectious episodes

The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to understand if and how much the preventive self-isolation approach might have been a valid model to avoid care-related infection, not only from COVID-19 but also from other non-viral infectious diseases. From March to May 2020, the healthcare and management staff of the Villa Santa Maria long-term care facilities, located in the village of Montenero di Bisaccia (Campobasso, Molise, Italy), decided to carry out a preventive self-isolation plan to safeguard the residents from SARS-CoV-2. The impact on other infectious diseases was evaluated by analyzing the antibiotic therapies prescription trend among the inpatients. Our data showed that although self-isolation protected residents and caregivers from SARS-CoV-2, it can also be associated with mobility reduction, leading to an increase in bedridden pathologies, namely, pressure ulcers and pressure sores. The simultaneous isolation of residents and caregivers in the same location significantly reduced any outside influence as a cause of possible infections

Mammalian diversity and age of the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene–Early Pleistocene), Northwestern Argentina: State of knowledge and new contributions

Late Cenozoic sediments in the Sierras Pampeanas of La Rioja and Catamarca provinces, Northwestern Argentina, have yielded fossil mammal remains from the Salicas Fm. Herein, we provide a taxonomic review of previously published material and new fossils from El Degolladito area, plus the San Blas area, and north of the Sierra de Mazán region (Villa Mervil, Villa Mazán, Santa Teresita, and Salar de Pipanaco localities). Zircon dating of volcaniclastic levels of the Salicas Fm localities reveals that the fossil vertebrates span from ca. 8.7 to 2.4 Ma (Late Miocene–Early Pleistocene), which in El Degolladito area (ca. 8.7–7.9 Ma) is more abundant and taxonomically rich and includes Metatheria (cf. Thylatheridum sp., Lycopsis sp.), Rodentia (Cardiomys sp., Prodolichotis prisca, Caviidae sp. A., Lagostomus pretrichodactyla, Metacaremys primitiva, Pseudoplataeomys elongatus, Tetrastylus sp.), Meridiungulata (Neobrachytherium sp., Hemihegetotherium torresi, Paedotherium minor, Protypotherium minutum, Typotheriopsis sp.), and Xenarthra (Eosclerocalyptus proximus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Nopachthus coagmentatus, Chasicotatus peiranoi, Paleuphractus argentinus, Proeuphractus limpidus, Prozaedyus sp., Vetelia gandhii, Pampatheriidae indet, Pilosa indet.). Lagostomus cf. L. pretrichodactyla, H. torresi, and Vetelia sp. have also been recovered in the outcrops near San Blas (without dating), whereas to the north of the Sierra de Mazán (ca. 5.7–2.4 Ma) only remains Dasypodidae, Glyptodontoinei, and N. coagmentatus have been found. Based on our analysis, it seems that the sampling conducted in El Degolladito area may have not yet fully uncovered the complete range of mammal diversity. The association from El Degolladito share affinity with those of the Late Neogene of Argentina previously referred to “Chasicoan” and “Huayquerian”, like Palo Pintado Fm, “Chasicoan” faunas of Cerro Azul Fm (e.g., Cerro La Bota locality), Loma de Las Tapias assemblages A and B, which is congruent with the absolute dating obtained.Fil: Ruiz Ramoni, Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Romano Muñoz, Cristo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Tarquini, Sergio Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; Argentina. Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris; FranciaFil: Forasiepi, Analia Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: García Massini, Juan Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Barbeau, David L.. University of South Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Cruz, Laura Edith. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Barasoain Goñi, Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Cerdeño Serrano, Maria Esperanza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Madozzo Jaén, María Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra Geología Estructural. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica; ArgentinaFil: Combina, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Asurmendi, Estefania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Pujana, Roberto Roman. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Torres Carro, Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra Geología Estructural. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz, Pablo Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra Geología Estructural. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, Gabriela Ines. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Krapovickas, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra de Paleontología de Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Marenssi, Sergio Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Prevosti, Francisco Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; Argentin