Cidade e complexidade: reflexões sobre a prática do projeto contemporâneo / City and complexity: Reflections on the practice of contemporary design

Este artigo aborda e discute o conceito de complexidade através análise de alguns projetos de intervenção urbana realizados por coletivos multidisciplinares espanhóis. Ele faz referência ao modo de trabalho deste conjunto renovado de iniciativas de projeto e ação urbana cuja postura mais flexível e articulada em redes traz inúmeras contribuições para se repensar questões fundamentais da prática projetual contemporânea. Tratar-se-á aqui de explicar e discutir algumas abordagens realizadas pelos coletivos, seu modo de atuação, princípios de projeto, desdobramentos de sua prática entre outros aspectos que contribuem para repensar a complexidade dos problemas urbanos atuais

Novos olhares e desafios da complexidade na epistemologia projetual

No campo da arquitetura, contextos de complexidade vêm impondo limites severos às abordagens projetuais deterministas, centralizadoras e hierárquicas, demandando dos arquitetos uma revisão profunda nos seus métodos de pensamento e ação, além de habilidades cognitivas e operativas diferenciadas, que potencializem a emergência criativa, a adaptação constante, a integração com outras inteligências coletivas e um vínculo direto com a ação transformadora. Neste artigo, serão discutidas as principais características da complexidade no contexto projetual e apresentados os redirecionamentos epistemológicos que elas engendram para a prática criativa contemporânea. Considera-se que os principais desafios trazidos pela complexidade são a demanda pela adaptação, pela programação e pelo híbrido. O objetivo do artigo é trazer à tona novos direcionamentos conceituais para a prática criativa contemporânea, notadamente nas áreas de arquitetura, arte, design e computação.En el campo de la arquitectura, contextos de complejidad vienen imponiendo límites severos a los abordajes proyectuales deterministas, centralizadores jerarquizados, exigiendo de los arquitectos una revisión profunda en sus métodos de pensamiento y acción. Tales contextos demandan de esos profesionales habilidades cognitivas y operacionales diferenciadas, que potencien la emergencia creativa, la adaptación constante, la integración con otras inteligencias colectivas y un vínculo directo con la acción transformadora. En este artículo, se discutirán las principales características de la complejidad en el contexto proyectual, y se presentarán los redireccionamientos epistemológicos que ellas engendran, para la práctica creativa contemporánea. Los principales desafíos que trae la complejidad son: la demanda por la adaptación, la demanda por la programación y la demanda por el híbrido. El objetivo del artículo es poner en relieve nuevos direccionamientos conceptuales para la práctica creativa contemporánea, especialmente en las áreas de arquitectura, arte, diseño y computación.Complexity is a subject of major relevance in contemporary studies. According to several authors, the complexity of current environments has been imposing severe limits to deterministic, centralized and hierarchical design approaches. Its dynamic condition calls for a thorough review of contemporary design methods of thinking and action. This paper addresses and discusses the main features of complexity in the design context and indicates epistemological revisions of the design activity as practice and as discipline, such as: demand for adaptation, programming, and hybridization. The main objective is to bring renewed conceptual approaches to contemporary creative practice, especially in the areas of architecture, design, art, and computing

Open Design: sharing and democratization in design practices

Na atual sociedade informatizada a crescente tendência do compartilhamento de informação, somada à consequente forma de atuação colaborativa nos processos criativos, vêm trazendo grandes desafios para arquitetos, urbanistas e designers. Considerando a ampla revolução tecnológica ocorrida nos anos 1990 e intensificada neste início de século XXI, o seguinte questionamento motiva investigações: as práticas de projeto, produção e distribuição de estruturas artificiais acompanharam essa evolução numérica e sofreram alterações substanciais em termos de democratização social por meio do compartilhamento? Esse artigo apresenta e discute o conceito de Open Design a partir dessa pergunta, e analisa como as práticas dadas como “abertas” se colocam neste cenário atual de forte caráter colaborativo e experimental no contexto da arquitetura, design, arte e de práticas criativas em geral. Temos como objetivo ampliar o debate acerca deste fenômeno criativo e produtivo decorrente do digital intitulado Open Design, e oferecer um repertório organizado e originalmente sistematizado acerca do conceito de abertura nas práticas tecnológicas. Espera-se contribuir com a reflexão crítica deste movimento global e em evolução, instigando arquitetos e designers a avaliarem e se posicionarem frente a essa nova era da atuação profissional na era da informação.  En esta sociedad informatizada, el intercambio de información no es solo una tendencia, sino una forma de acción colaborativa en los procesos creativos. Eso trajo grandes desafíos para arquitectos, urbanistas y diseñadores. Teniendo en cuenta la amplia revolución tecnológica que ocurrió en la década de 1990 y que se intensificó a principios del siglo XXI, la siguiente pregunta motiva las investigaciones: las prácticas de diseño de producción y distribución de estructuras artificiales siguieron esta evolución y sufrieron cambios sustanciales en términos de democratización social a través de la compartir? Este documento presenta y discute el concepto de Diseño Abierto desde la perspectiva de esa pregunta y analiza cómo las prácticas consideradas "abiertas" se colocan en este escenario actual de fuerte carácter colaborativo y experimental, especialmente para arquitectura, diseño, arte y prácticas creativas en general.Nuestro objetivo es ampliar el debate sobre este fenómeno creativo y productivo que resulta del diseño abierto, y ofrecer un repertorio organizado y sistematizado originalmente sobre el concepto de apertura en las prácticas tecnológicas. Se espera que contribuya a la reflexión crítica sobre este movimiento global y en evolución, instigando a arquitectos y diseñadores a evaluar y posicionarse en la era de la información y el tipo de desempeño profesional que le corresponde.In this computerized society, information sharing is not only a trend, but a form of collaborative action in creative processes. That brought great challenges for architects, urban planners and designers. Considering the wide technological revolution that occurred in the 1990s and was intensified in the beginning of the 21st century, the following question motivates investigations: the design practices production and distribution of artificial structures followed this evolution and underwent substantial changes in terms of social democratization through the sharing? This paper presents and discusses the concept of Open Design from that question’s perspective and analyzes how the practices considered “open” are placed in this current scenario of strong collaborative and experimental character, specially for architecture, design, art and creative practices in general. We aim to broaden the debate about this creative and productive phenomenon that results from Open Design, and to offer an organized and originally systematized repertoire about the openness concept in technological practices. It is expected to contribute to the critical reflection about this global and evolving movement, instigating architects and designers to evaluate and position themselves at the informational age and the kind of professional performance it entitles. &nbsp

Reports on the use of open-source architecture in social interest housing projects

This is the first Wikihouse project to be built in a vulnerable community in Brazil. Brazil is a country with a large housing deficit concentrated in large metropolitan regions. The work is the result of an initiative to address part of this demand using the Wikihouse open-source system. The project was developed using the Design Science Research methodology in three stages: conception, prototyping and production of an experiential module on a 1:1 scale. The results demonstrated the need to develop a better structured design ecology to make the Wikihouse system viable in the Brazilian context. This design ecology concerns an integrated network of services that includes project development centers, prototyping spaces, mini factories for production, pre-assembly and batch organization environments, logistics services, human resource management teams and integration with the community, in addition to registration, documentation and communication.Este es el primer proyecto Wikihouse que se construye en una comunidad vulnerable en Brasil. Brasil es un país con un gran déficit habitacional concentrado en grandes regiones metropolitanas. El trabajo es el resultado de una iniciativa para atender parte de esta demanda utilizando el sistema de código abierto Wikihouse. El proyecto se desarrolló utilizando la metodología Design Science Research en tres etapas: concepción, prototipado y producción de un módulo experiencial a escala 1:1. Los resultados demostraron la necesidad de desarrollar una ecología de proyecto más estructurada para viabilizar el sistema Wikihouse en el contexto brasileño. Esta ecología de proyectos se refiere a una red integrada de servicios que incluye centros de desarrollo de proyectos, espacios de prototipado, mini fábricas de producción, entornos de preensamblaje y organización de lotes, servicios de logística, equipos de gestión de recursos humanos e integración comunitaria, además de registro, documentación y comunicación..Este é o primeiro projeto da Wikihouse a ser construído em uma comunidade vulnerável no Brasil. O Brasil é um país com grande déficit habitacional concentrado em grandes regiões metropolitanas. O trabalho é resultado de uma iniciativa para atender parte dessa demanda usando o sistema de código aberto Wikihouse. O projeto foi desenvolvido utilizando a metodologia Design Science Research em três etapas: concepção, prototipagem e produção de um módulo vivencial em escala 1:1. Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade de desenvolver uma ecologia de projeto mais estruturada para viabilizar o sistema Wikihouse no contexto brasileiro. Esta ecologia de projeto diz respeito a uma rede integrada de serviços que inclui centros de desenvolvimento de projetos, espaços de prototipagem, mini fábricas de produção, ambientes de pré-montagem e organização de lotes, serviços de logística, equipas de gestão de recursos humanos e integração com a comunidade, além de registo, documentação e comunicação

{\sc SimBIG}: Cosmological Constraints using Simulation-Based Inference of Galaxy Clustering with Marked Power Spectra

We present the first $\Lambda$CDM cosmological analysis performed on a galaxy survey using marked power spectra. The marked power spectrum is the two-point function of a marked field, where galaxies are weighted by a function that depends on their local density. The presence of the mark leads these statistics to contain higher-order information of the original galaxy field, making them a good candidate to exploit the non-Gaussian information of a galaxy catalog. In this work we make use of \simbig, a forward modeling framework for galaxy clustering analyses, and perform simulation-based inference using normalizing flows to infer the posterior distribution of the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological parameters. We consider different mark configurations (ways to weight the galaxy field) and deploy them in the \simbig~pipeline to analyze the corresponding marked power spectra measured from a subset of the BOSS galaxy sample. We analyze the redshift-space mark power spectra decomposed in $\ell = 0, 2, 4$ multipoles and include scales up to the non-linear regime. Among the various mark configurations considered, the ones that give the most stringent cosmological constraints produce posterior median and $68\%$ confidence limits on the growth of structure parameters equal to $\Omega_m=0.273^{+0.040}_{-0.030}$ and $\sigma_8=0.777^{+0.077}_{-0.071}$. Compared to a perturbation theory analysis using the power spectrum of the same dataset, the \simbig~marked power spectra constraints on $\sigma_8$ are up to $1.2\times$ tighter, while no improvement is seen for the other cosmological parameters.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure

Cosmological Information in the Marked Power Spectrum of the Galaxy Field

Marked power spectra are two-point statistics of a marked field obtained by weighting each location with a function that depends on the local density around that point. We consider marked power spectra of the galaxy field in redshift space that up-weight low density regions, and perform a Fisher matrix analysis to assess the information content of this type of statistics using the Molino mock catalogs built upon the Quijote simulations. We identify four different ways to up-weight the galaxy field, and compare the Fisher information contained in their marked power spectra to the one of the standard galaxy power spectrum, when considering monopole and quadrupole of each statistic. Our results show that each of the four marked power spectra can tighten the standard power spectrum constraints on the cosmological parameters $\Omega_{\rm m}$, $\Omega_{\rm b}$, $h$, $n_s$, $M_\nu$ by $15-25\%$ and on $\sigma_8$ by a factor of 2. The same analysis performed by combining the standard and four marked power spectra shows a substantial improvement compared to the power spectrum constraints that is equal to a factor of 6 for $\sigma_8$ and $2.5-3$ for the other parameters. Our constraints may be conservative, since the galaxy number density in the Molino catalogs is much lower than the ones in future galaxy surveys, which will allow them to probe lower density regions of the large-scale structure.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figure

SIMBIG{\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}: The First Cosmological Constraints from the Non-Linear Galaxy Bispectrum

We present the first cosmological constraints from analyzing higher-order galaxy clustering on non-linear scales. We use ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$, a forward modeling framework for galaxy clustering analyses that employs simulation-based inference to perform highly efficient cosmological inference using normalizing flows. It leverages the predictive power of high-fidelity simulations and robustly extracts cosmological information from regimes inaccessible with current standard analyses. In this work, we apply ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ to a subset of the BOSS galaxy sample and analyze the redshift-space bispectrum monopole, $B_0(k_1, k_2, k_3)$, to $k_{\rm max}=0.5\,h/{\rm Mpc}$. We achieve 1$\sigma$ constraints of $\Omega_m=0.293^{+0.027}_{-0.027}$ and $\sigma_8= 0.783^{+0.040}_{-0.038}$, which are more than 1.2 and 2.4$\times$ tighter than constraints from standard power spectrum analyses of the same dataset. We also derive 1.4, 1.4, 1.7$\times$ tighter constraints on $\Omega_b$, $h$, $n_s$. This improvement comes from additional cosmological information in higher-order clustering on non-linear scales and, for $\sigma_8$, is equivalent to the gain expected from a standard analysis on a $\sim$4$\times$ larger galaxy sample. Even with our BOSS subsample, which only spans 10% of the full BOSS volume, we derive competitive constraints on the growth of structure: $S_8 = 0.774^{+0.056}_{-0.053}$. Our constraint is consistent with results from both cosmic microwave background and weak lensing. Combined with a $\omega_b$ prior from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, we also derive a constraint on $H_0=67.6^{+2.2}_{-1.8}\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ that is consistent with early universe constraints.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, submitted to PRD, comments welcom

SIMBIG{\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}: Cosmological Constraints from the Redshift-Space Galaxy Skew Spectra

Extracting the non-Gaussian information of the cosmic large-scale structure (LSS) is vital in unlocking the full potential of the rich datasets from the upcoming stage-IV galaxy surveys. Galaxy skew spectra serve as efficient beyond-two-point statistics, encapsulating essential bispectrum information with computational efficiency akin to power spectrum analysis. This paper presents the first cosmological constraints from analyzing the full set of redshift-space galaxy skew spectra of the data from the SDSS-III BOSS, accessing cosmological information down to nonlinear scales. Employing the ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ forward modeling framework and simulation-based inference via normalizing flows, we analyze the CMASS-SGC sub-sample, which constitute approximately 10\% of the full BOSS data. Analyzing the scales up to $k_{\rm max}=0.5 \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}h$, we find that the skew spectra improve the constraints on $\Omega_{\rm m}, \Omega_{\rm b}, h$, and $n_s$ by 34\%, 35\%, 18\%, 10\%, respectively, compared to constraints from previous ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ power spectrum multipoles analysis, yielding $\Omega_{\rm m}=0.288^{+0.024}_{-0.034}$, $\Omega_{\rm b}= 0.043^{+0.005}_{-0.007}$, $h=0.759^{+0.104}_{-0.050}$, $n_{\rm s} = 0.918^{+0.041}_{-0.090}$ (at 68\% confidence limit). On the other hand, the constraints on $\sigma_8$ are weaker than from the power spectrum. Including the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) prior on baryon density reduces the uncertainty on the Hubble parameter further, achieving $h=0.750^{+0.034}_{-0.032}$, which is a 38\% improvement over the constraint from the power spectrum with the same prior. Compared to the ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ bispectrum (monopole) analysis, skew spectra offer comparable constraints on larger scales ($k_{\rm max}<0.3\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}h$) for most parameters except for $\sigma_8$.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, 2 table

SIMBIG{\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}: A Forward Modeling Approach To Analyzing Galaxy Clustering

We present the first-ever cosmological constraints from a simulation-based inference (SBI) analysis of galaxy clustering from the new ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ forward modeling framework. ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ leverages the predictive power of high-fidelity simulations and provides an inference framework that can extract cosmological information on small non-linear scales, inaccessible with standard analyses. In this work, we apply ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ to the BOSS CMASS galaxy sample and analyze the power spectrum, $P_\ell(k)$, to $k_{\rm max}=0.5\,h/{\rm Mpc}$. We construct 20,000 simulated galaxy samples using our forward model, which is based on high-resolution ${\rm Q{\scriptsize UIJOTE}}$ $N$-body simulations and includes detailed survey realism for a more complete treatment of observational systematics. We then conduct SBI by training normalizing flows using the simulated samples and infer the posterior distribution of $\Lambda$CDM cosmological parameters: $\Omega_m, \Omega_b, h, n_s, \sigma_8$. We derive significant constraints on $\Omega_m$ and $\sigma_8$, which are consistent with previous works. Our constraints on $\sigma_8$ are $27\%$ more precise than standard analyses. This improvement is equivalent to the statistical gain expected from analyzing a galaxy sample that is $\sim60\%$ larger than CMASS with standard methods. It results from additional cosmological information on non-linear scales beyond the limit of current analytic models, $k > 0.25\,h/{\rm Mpc}$. While we focus on $P_\ell$ in this work for validation and comparison to the literature, ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ provides a framework for analyzing galaxy clustering using any summary statistic. We expect further improvements on cosmological constraints from subsequent ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ analyses of summary statistics beyond $P_\ell$.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

SIMBIG{\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}: Mock Challenge for a Forward Modeling Approach to Galaxy Clustering

Simulation-Based Inference of Galaxies (${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$) is a forward modeling framework for analyzing galaxy clustering using simulation-based inference. In this work, we present the ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ forward model, which is designed to match the observed SDSS-III BOSS CMASS galaxy sample. The forward model is based on high-resolution ${\rm Q{\scriptsize UIJOTE}}$ $N$-body simulations and a flexible halo occupation model. It includes full survey realism and models observational systematics such as angular masking and fiber collisions. We present the "mock challenge" for validating the accuracy of posteriors inferred from ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ using a suite of 1,500 test simulations constructed using forward models with a different $N$-body simulation, halo finder, and halo occupation prescription. As a demonstration of ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$, we analyze the power spectrum multipoles out to $k_{\rm max} = 0.5\,h/{\rm Mpc}$ and infer the posterior of $\Lambda$CDM cosmological and halo occupation parameters. Based on the mock challenge, we find that our constraints on $\Omega_m$ and $\sigma_8$ are unbiased, but conservative. Hence, the mock challenge demonstrates that ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ provides a robust framework for inferring cosmological parameters from galaxy clustering on non-linear scales and a complete framework for handling observational systematics. In subsequent work, we will use ${\rm S{\scriptsize IM}BIG}$ to analyze summary statistics beyond the power spectrum including the bispectrum, marked power spectrum, skew spectrum, wavelet statistics, and field-level statistics.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figure