Pengaruh Penambahan Aspal Terhadap Stabilitas Marshall Pada Material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Di Ruas Jalan Jenderal Sudirmal–Rijali Kota Ambon

Penanganan kerusakan jalan  dengan cara pembongkaran lapis permukaan jalan lama dengan alat Cold Milling Machine (CMM) untuk memperbaiki nilai daerah permukaan jalan. Tujuan penelitian mengevaluasi karakteristik aspal beton pada campuran panas dengan menggunakan kembali material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hasil dari ekstraksi dan menambahkan material  yang baru berupa agregat dan Aspal Pen 60/70 sehingga dapat menghasilkan campuran dengan kinerja yang baik. Metode eksperimen, dimana kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dan jenis pengujian yaitu pengujian Marshall untuk mendapatkan nilai stabilitas dan flow. Cara pengujian untuk mendapatkan nilai stabilitas dan flow yaitu dengan membaca nilai arloji pada alat Marshall. Pengujian yang akan dilakukan mengacu pada Spesifikasi Bina Marga 2018. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh nilai karakteristik campuran beraspal daur ulang AC-WC dengan penggunaan material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) 20% dan penambahan aspal Pen 60/70. Berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap penggunaan material RAP 20% dengan formulasi batu pecah 10/20 = 19,10%, batu pecah 5/10 = 32%, pasir = 20%, abu batu 8,9% dan lima variasi kadar aspal Pen 60/70 diperoleh nilai Kadar Aspal Optimum (KAO) = 6%. Karakteristik campuran dengan pengunaan RAP 20% dengan niai rata – rata yang di peroleh yaitu nilai VIM = 4,28%, nilai VMA = 15,89%, nilai VFB = 72,91%, nilai stabilitas marshall = 1.067,43 kg, nilai flow =3.56 mm, nilai marshall Quotient = 301,91 kg/mm dan memenuhi batas spesifikasi Bina Marga 2018 untuk campuran laston AC-WC

The chromosome-scale genome assembly for the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus uncovers patterns of genome evolution in mosquitoes

Abstract Background Understanding genome organization and evolution is important for species involved in transmission of human diseases, such as mosquitoes. Anophelinae and Culicinae subfamilies of mosquitoes show striking differences in genome sizes, sex chromosome arrangements, behavior, and ability to transmit pathogens. However, the genomic basis of these differences is not fully understood. Methods In this study, we used a combination of advanced genome technologies such as Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing, Hi-C scaffolding, Bionano, and cytogenetic mapping to develop an improved chromosome-scale genome assembly for the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Results We then used this assembly to annotate odorant receptors, odorant binding proteins, and transposable elements. A genomic region containing male-specific sequences on chromosome 1 and a polymorphic inversion on chromosome 3 were identified in the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome. In addition, the genome of Cx. quinquefasciatus was compared with the genomes of other mosquitoes such as malaria vectors An. coluzzi and An. albimanus, and the vector of arboviruses Ae. aegypti. Our work confirms significant expansion of the two chemosensory gene families in Cx. quinquefasciatus, as well as a significant increase and relocation of the transposable elements in both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti relative to the Anophelines. Phylogenetic analysis clarifies the divergence time between the mosquito species. Our study provides new insights into chromosomal evolution in mosquitoes and finds that the X chromosome of Anophelinae and the sex-determining chromosome 1 of Culicinae have a significantly higher rate of evolution than autosomes. Conclusion The improved Cx. quinquefasciatus genome assembly uncovered new details of mosquito genome evolution and has the potential to speed up the development of novel vector control strategies