Fabrication of electrochemical sensor modified with nano graphene for determination of warfarin in plasma samples

Background and aims: Warfarin is anticoagulant drug and prevents thromboembolism in cases such as pulmonary embolism and blood clot in a leg vein which under high risk of thrombosis. The therapeutic window of warfarin is very narrow. Therefore, it is important to monitoring the level of warfarin in blood patient. Electrochemical sensors are powerful tools in the field of diseases diagnosis and medical care, due to advantages such as high selectivity, high sensitivity and low. The aim of this study was fabrication of an electrochemical sensor base on modification of carbon electrode using graphene nanoparticle for quantification of warfarin in plasma. Methods: In this study, plasma sample of 8 patients who had consumed warfarin were analyzed. After precipitation of plasma proteins by acetonitrile, the sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to a test tube. The resulting solution was evaporated by stream of nitrogen gas to complete drying. The dry residue was diluted by distilled water and transferred into the voltammetric cell for evaluation of warfarin oxidation by sensor. Results: The results show that fabricated nano sensor strongly catalyzes the oxidation current of warfarin. Furthermore there are linear relationship (least squares method) between oxidation current of warfarin and its concentration in plasma. Conclusion: The sensor as a simple, low-cost and accurate procedure is able to measure warfarin in patients' plasma

Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Using Poly(Chromazurol s) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

The Chromazurol s has been electropolymerized on the glassy carbon electrode and the Poly- Chromazurol s modified glassy carbon electrode (PCSMGCE) has shown excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of ascorbic acid in phosphate buffer solution (pH=3). It was used for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA). Analytical parameters were optimized and electrochemical behavior of modified electrode was studied. The calibration curves were obtained over the range of 3.0-2200.0 µmol Lâ1 AA, 0.09-980.0 µmol Lâ1 DA, and 0.05-900.0 µmol Lâ1 UA. Detection limits of 1.7 µmol Lâ1 AA, 0.05 µmol Lâ1 DA, and 0.03 µmol Lâ1 UA were obtained at pH 3.0. Prepared modified electrode had satisfactory results for determination of DA, AA and UA in dopamine injection solution, vitamin C tablets and human urine samples

Application of tin oxide- inverse spinel zinc stannate nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for the voltammetric determination of pyridium in pharmaceutical and biological samples

The SnO2-Zn2SnO4 nanocomposite was successfully prepared via a simple solid state method. The resulted nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Then, a novel pyridium sensor has been developed based on SnO2-Zn2SnO4 nanocomposites modified carbon paste electrode (SnO2-Zn2SnO4/CPE).   The fabricated sensor exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of pyridium. The  oxidation  peak  current  was  proportional  to the  concentration  of  pyridium  from  0.3  to   607.0  µM with  a detection  limit  of   0.009  µM  at signal to noise ratio of 3. The proposed method was examined as a selective, simple and precise method for voltammetric determination of pyridium in real samples with satisfactory results

Ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen and codeine in biological fluids using CuO/CuFe2O4 nanoparticles as a novel electrocatalyst

Copper ferrite−copper oxide (CuO-CuFe2O4) nanoparticles as a semiconductor composite with p–n junction were synthesized by co-precipitation reaction. Then, a novel CuO-CuFe2O4 carbon paste modified electrode was fabricated which displays an effectual electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of acetaminophen (AC) and codeine (CO). A linear range of 0.01–1.5 μmol L−1 and 0.06–10.0 μmol L−1 with the detection limits of 0.007 μmol L−1 and 0.01 μmol L−1 were achieved for AC and CO, respectively. The practical usage of the proposed sensor revealed reasonable results for quantification of AC and CO in biological fluids. Keywords: Acetaminophen, Codeine, Copper ferrite/copper oxide nanoparticles, Electrochemical sensin

Trace and selective determination of cobalt(II) in water and salt samples using cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry in the presence of Pyrogallol Red

A sensitive and selective procedure is presented for the voltammetric determination of cobalt. The procedure involves an adsorptive accumulation of cobalt Pyrogallol Red (PGR) complex on a stationary mercury drop electrode, followed by cathodic stripping voltammetry measurement of the reduction current of the adsorbed complex at -1.17 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The optimum conditions for the determination of cobalt include pH 11.0, 35 mu M Pyrogallol Red, an accumulation potential of -0.9 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and scan rate 80 mV s(-1). The peak current is proportional to the concentration of cobalt over the concentration range 5.0 to 280 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 1 ng mL(-1) and an accumulation time of 140 s. The method was applied to the determination of cobalt in analytical grade NaCl and water samples

The Effect of Cadmium Nanoparticles on Hepatic Enzymes Variation in Blood of Rattus

Nanoparticles can be used in disease detection, Medical imaging, Pharmaceutical Drug, cancer treatment, gene therapy, Cosmetics and textile productions. These materials accumulate in cells that create Oxidative stress because of reviving oxygen production. Cadmium is a toxic pollutant that has no constructive role in the body and is partially harmful. This metal can create oxidative stress in the body with an increase of free radicals and a decrease of antioxidant capacity that can be lead to the destructive effects in liver and kidneys. At first, nanoparticles of cadmium oxide was synthesized by chemical method in the library. The evaluation of these nanoparticles by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that synthesized nanoparticles were cadmium oxide and an absorption was indicated in the 380nm area by Uv – vis spectrum of cadmium oxide's nanoparticles. Then, three concentrations of synthesized nanoparticles of cadmium oxide including 100, 200 and 300 ppm were used. Wister male rats were fed during 10 days through the mouth. After these periods, blood samples were taken from rats and creatine phosphate kinase, Alanine aminotransferase and AAspartate transaminase enzymes were measured. The results indicated that the enzymes concentration was increase in blood with increasing concentrations of treated nanoparticles and this increase was considerable and higher in groups that received the highest concentration. Also, it was significance in group with intermediate level of nanoparticles.

Application of Spinel-structured NiCuFe2O4 nanoparticles for determination of naproxen in the presence of acetaminophen

A facile and sensitive method was used to fabricate a novel sensor for the determination of naproxen on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified NiCuFe2O4 paste electrode (MWCNTs/NiCuFe2O4/CPE). Adding NiCuFe2O4 to MWCNTs effectively increased the real surface area, and most importantly, amplified the electron transfer. The surface analyses techniques perfectly certified that MWCNTs and spinel were well dispersed in graphite matrix. According to the results, MWCNTs/NiCuFe2O4/CPE produced a sharp peak for naproxen oxidation at about +0.93 vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode at pH 5.0. The proposed electrode revealed a linear response over 0.1-480 µM with a detection limit of 0.05 µM. Finally, this electrode also has the ability to determine naproxen in the presence of acetaminophen without any interference. The brilliant properties of modified electrode such as its lack of toxicity, simplicity of fabrication, and relative inexpensiveness showed that it has feasible to determine naproxen in biological samples