Effects of Recorded Free-Field Motion on the Response of Buildings Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects

One of the intents of this study is to demonstrate some lacking accurate results of seismic code for considering soil-foundationstructure interaction (SFSI) effects. The other objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of type of recorded motion on the response of moderately flexible building considering SFSI effects. The effects of SFSI, under plane-strain conditions, have been studied by substructure approach for buildings supported by rigid foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic and elastic half-space. 32 data motions recorded in Imperial Valley-06 (1979) earthquake are used to demonstrate some intents of this study. It can be concluded that if it is required for an analysis, research, or study to consider SFSI effects on structural response, first of all, identical recorded earthquake motions should be selected on assumed site’s soil. As shown in this study, soil shear wave velocity of site that earthquake recorded on it and the component of earthquake motion can affect structural response and damage induced by soilstructure system. To obtain as another result in this study, considering equivalent one-storey model that usually proposed by design codes or rehabilitation provisions may not have an adequately accurate result and in some cases underestimates the induced demand by earthquake motion rather than full building. In some data motions, this incoherency effect can be resulted sensible difference of base shear index. It is concluded that number of building-story, and frequency content of earthquake motion have intense role on influenced demand for buildings considering SFSI effects

Smooth cohomology of (C^*-algebras)

We define a notion of smooth cohomology for ( C^* )-algebras which admit a faithful trace. We show that if ( Asubseteq B(h) ) is a ( C^* )-algebra with a faithful normal trace ( tau ) on the ultra-weak closure ( bar{A} ) of ( mathcal{A} ), and ( X ) is a normal dual operatorial ( bar{A})-bimodule, then the first smooth cohomology ( mathcal{H}^1_{s}(mathcal{A},X) ) of ( mathcal{A} ) is equal to ( mathcal{H}^1(mathcal{A},X_{tau})), where ( X_{tau} ) is a closed submodule of ( X ) consisting of smooth elements

Comparison of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure for prediction of type 2 diabetes: The Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study

Wstęp: Celem badania było porównanie wartości prognostycznej skurczowego i rozkurczowego ciśnienia tętniczego (BP), ciśnienia tętna (PP), cząstkowego ciśnienia tętna (PPF) i średniego ciśnienia tętniczego (MAP) w odniesieniu do rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 u krewnych pierwszego stopnia pacjentów chorujących na tę chorobę. Materiał i metody: W latach 2003–2005 włączono do badania 701 niechorujących na cukrzycę krewnych pierwszego stopnia osób chorych na cukrzyce typu 2 w wieku 20–70 lat i obserwowano ich do 2008 roku pod kątem rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2. Na początku badania i w ciągu okresu obserwacji u uczestników wykonywano standardowy 2-godzinny test doustnego obciążenia 75 g glukozy. Oceniano wartość pola pod krzywą ROC dla PP, MAP, PPF, skurczowego i rozkurczowego BP w prognozowaniu rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2. Wyniki: W okresie obserwacji cukrzyca rozwinęła się u 72 uczestników badania (10,3%). Zapadalność na cukrzycę typu 2 wynosiła 3,4 na 100 osobolat u mężczyzn i 4,9 u kobiet. Skurczowe i rozkurczowe BP oraz MAP wiązały się z cukrzycą, lecz nie stwierdzono takiego związku w przypadku PP i PPF. Odnotowano podobne zależności między skurczowym i rozkurczowym BP oraz MAP a zapadalnością na cukrzycę. Pola powierzchni pod krzywymi ROC wynosiły 0,582 dla skurczowego BP, 0,589 dla rozkurczowego BP, 0,589 dla MAP, 0,520 dla PP i 0,468 dla PPF. Wnioski: Powyższe dane wskazują, że skurczowe i rozkurczowe BP były równie silnie jak MAP związane z rozwojem cukrzycy. Podwyższone BP może być pomocne w identyfikowaniu krewnych pierwszego stopnia chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 obciążonych wysokim ryzykiem zachorowania na cukrzycę, dlatego należy u nich monitorować ciśnienie tętnicze. (Endokrynol Pol 2011; 62 (4): 324–330)Background: The aim of this study was to compare the ability of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), fraction PP (PPF) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to predict progression to diabetes in non-diabetic first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: A total of 701 non-diabetic FDRs aged 20-70 in 2003 to 2005 were followed through to 2008 for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. At baseline and through follow-ups, participants underwent a standard 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Prediction of progression to type 2 diabetes was assessed using area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves based upon measurement of PP, MAP, PPF, systolic and diastolic BP. Results: Diabetes developed in 72 participants (10.3%) during the follow-up period. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3.4 per 100 person years in men and 4.9 in women. Systolic and diastolic BP and MAP were related to diabetes, but PP and PPF were not. Systolic and diastolic BP and MAP have similar associations with incident diabetes. Areas under the ROC curves were 0.582 for systolic, 0.589 for diastolic, 0.589 for MAP, 0.520 for PP, and 0.468 for PPF. Conclusion: These results indicate that systolic and diastolic BP are as strong as MAP in predicting progression to diabetes. Increased BP may help identify FDRs of patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for diabetes who are candidates for BP control. (Pol J Endocrinol 2011; 62 (4): 324–330

The Importance of Long Time Follow-Up after Vital Pulp Therapy: A Case Report

This report describes a case of an eight years old girl who was treated for complicated crown fracture of right maxillary central incisor because of a sport accident. For the tooth total pulpotomy was performed in order to achieve apexogenesis and the tooth was restored with a composite resin. The patient was reviewed over 10 years. At first the tooth showed continued root development and complete apex formation following vital pulp therapy, however, after 10 years the tooth developed pulp necrosis and periapical radiolucency. Following root canal therapy, periapical radiolucency has been healed

Zapadalność na zespół metaboliczny i czynniki ryzyka tego zespołu u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 pacjentów poradni diabetologicznej w Isfahanie w Iranie

Introduction: At present, little data exists about the incidence of, and the risk factors associated with, metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aims of this present study were to assess the incidence and risk factors of MetS in people with T2DM using routinely collected data from a clinical information system at Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre, Iran. Material and methods: During the mean (SD) follow-up period of 11.7 (4.8) years, 3,047 patients with T2DM who were free of MetS at baseline were examined to determine the incidence and predictors of progression to MetS. The mean (SD) age of participants was 50.4 (11.0) years, with a mean (SD) duration of diabetes of 6.3 (6.2) years at initial registration. A modified National Cholesterol Education Programme- Adult Treatment Panel III definition (with body mass index [BMI] instead of waist circumference) was used for the MetS. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 63.2% (95% CI: 62.3, 64.1). The incidence of MetS was 28.5 (95% CI: 26.8, 30.2) (25.9 men and 30.9 women) per 1,000 patient-years based on 35,677 patient-years of follow-up. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher body mass index (BMI) and education, lower HbA1c and treatment with oral agent or insulin were associated with MetS. Conclusions: These are the first estimates of the incidence and risk factors of MetS in patients with T2DM in Iran. These findings show that the natural course of MetS is dynamic. The clinical management of patients with T2DM will contribute significantly to MetS prevention. (Pol J Endocrinol 2012; 63 (5): 372-380)Wstęp: Obecnie dostępnych jest niewiele danych dotyczących zapadalności na zespół metaboliczny (MetS) i związanych z nim czynników ryzyka u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 (T2DM). Niniejsze badanie przeprowadzono w celu oceny zapadalności na MetS i występowania czynników ryzyka tego zespołu u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 na podstawie rutynowych danych gromadzonych w systemie informacji klinicznej w Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre w Iranie. Materiał i metody: W ciągu okresu obserwacji, trwającego średnio (SD) 11,7 (4,8) roku, przebadano 3047 chorych na T2DM, u których wyjściowo nie stwierdzono cech MetS, w celu określenia zapadalności i czynników predykcyjnych progresji do MetS. Średnia wieku (SD) uczestników wynosiła 50,4 (11,0) roku, a średni czas trwania (SD) cukrzycy w momencie pierwszej rejestracji danych - 6,3 (6,2) roku. Rozpoznanie MetS ustalano na podstawie zmodyfikowanej definicji National Cholesterol Education Programme - Adult Treatment Panel III (w której uwzględniono wskaźnik masy ciała [BMI] zamiast obwodu talii). Wyniki: Częstość występowania MetS w badanej populacji wynosiła 63,2% (95% CI: 62,3-64,1). Wskaźnik zapadalności na MetS wynosił 28,5 (95% CI: 26,8-30,2) (25,9 dla mężczyzn i 30,9 dla kobiet) na 1000 pacjentolat, co wyliczono na podstawie obserwacji obejmującej 35 677 pacjentolat. W analizie wieloczynnikowej wykazano, że wyższe wartości BMI, wyższy poziom wykształcenia, niższe HbA1c i leczenie doustnymi lekami hipoglikemizującymi oraz insuliną wiązały się z MetS. Wnioski: W niniejszej pracy po raz pierwszy oszacowano zapadalność na MetS i określono czynniki ryzyka rozwoju tego zespołu u pacjentów z T2DM w Iranie. Uzyskanie rezultaty wskazują, że naturalny przebieg MetS jest procesem dynamicznym. Odpowiednie leczenie chorych na T2DM może mieć istotne znaczenie w zapobieganiu MetS. (Endokrynol Pol 2012; 63 (5): 372-380

Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Clinic Attenders in Isfahan, Iran

Aim. At present, little data exist about incidence and the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objectives of present study were to assess the incidence and risk factors of MetS in people with T2DM. Methods. During the mean (SD) follow-up period of 11.7 (4.8) years, 3,047 patients with T2DM and free of MetS at baseline have been examined to determine incidence and predictors of progression to MetS. A modified the National Cholesterol Education Program—Adult Treatment Panel III definition with body mass index (BMI) instead of waist circumference was used for the MetS. Results. The prevalence of MetS was 63.2% (95% CI: 62.3, 64.1). The incidence of MetS was 28.5 (95% CI: 26.8, 30.2) (25.9 men and 30.9 women) per 1,000 patient-years based on 35,677 patient-years of follow-up. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher BMI and education, lower HbA1c and treatment with oral agent or insulin were associated with MetS. Conclusion. These are the first estimate of incidence and risk factors of MetS in patients with T2DM in Iran. These findings showed that the natural course of MetS is dynamic. The clinical management of patients with T2DM will contribute significantly to MetS prevention

A cuckoo search controller for seismic control of a benchmark tall building

An optimal cuckoo search wavelet-based linear quadratic controller (ACSWBC) was introduced for seismic control of benchmark 76-story building with an active tuned mass damper (ATMD). A novel meta-heuristic cuckoo search (CS) algorithm was used to find the optimum gain matrix time to eliminate the trial and error. Furthermore, wavelet time-frequency analysis of excitation was used to adaptively design the controller by updating the weighting matrices to be applied to the control force of ATMD. The main advantage of the suggested control algorithm was adaptively calculating the optimum values of gain matrix components using the weights resolved on the response characteristics of the structure online. Furthermore, the robustness of the structural system was investigated to uncertainties in the stiffness matrix in the form of geometrical nonlinearities and multiplicative inclination. Results demonstrated that ACSWBC has preferable performance in attenuating the responses of structural system under several far and near fault seismic excitations

Dyslipidaemia and its management in diabetic patients in an academic centre in Iran

Introduction: Dyslipidaemia is accompanied with increased cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Today there have been some improvements in the management of dyslipidaemia using lifestyle modification and medications. In this study we evaluate the management of dyslipidaemia in an academic centre. Material and methods: This is a descriptive study, from January 2003 until December 2007. All type 2 diabetic patients who were more than 30 years old and had at least 2 visits per year were eligible for including. Results: Overall, 1179 patients (70.2% women) were assessed. Mean LDL-C in 2003 was 124.6 &#177; 34.6 mg/dL, and decreased to 109.7 &#177; 28.9 mg/dL in 2007 (p < 0.05). 21.0% of patients in 2003 and 40.5% of them in 2007 had LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. TG did not change during these years. There was an increase in the use of statins from 76.3% to 84.3% (p-value < 0.05) during the 5 years since 2003, but a decrease in the use of fibrates. Conslusions: Although recently we have made improvements in the control of dyslipidaemia in diabetic patients, we have not reached our goals. Of late, physicians have emphasized the use of statins in diabetic patients, which has resulted in much better levels of LDL-C, but still less than half of the patients are at ideal levels. In conclusion, we should revise our point of view to begin and intensify treatment of dyslipidaemia in diabetic patients, to achieve the goal of treatment and prevent cardiovascular events optimally.Wstęp: Dyslipidemia u chorych na cukrzycę wiąże się ze zwiększoną częstością zdarzeń sercowo-naczyniowych. W leczeniu dyslipidemii obejmującym modyfikację stylu życia i farmakoterapię nastąpił znaczny postęp. Celem niniejszego badania była ocena leczenia dyslipidemii w ośrodku akademickim. Materiał i metody: Badanie obejmowało okres od stycznia 2003 roku do grudnia 2007 roku. Do badania włączono wszystkich chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 w wieku powyżej 30 lat, którzy odbywali co najmniej 2 wizyty rocznie. Wyniki: Oceniono łącznie 1179 chorych (70,2% stanowiły kobiety). Średnie stężenie cholesterolu frakcji LDL w 2003 roku wynosiło 124,6 &#177; 34,6 mg/dl. Uległo ono obniżeniu i wynosiło 109,7 &#177; 28,9 mg/dl w 2007 roku (p < 0,05). Odsetek chorych, u których stężenie cholesterolu frakcji LDL było niższe niż 100 mg/dl wynosił 21,0% w 2003 roku i 40,5% w 2007 roku. Stężenie triglicerydów nie zmieniło się w tym okresie. W okresie 5 lat od 2003 roku nastąpiło zwiększenie częstości stosowania statyn z 76,3% do 84,3% (p < 0,05), zmniejszyło się natomiast zużycie fibratów. Wnioski: Mimo że w ostatnich latach nastąpiła poprawa w zakresie kontroli stężenia lipidów u chorych na cukrzycę, nadal rzadko udaje się osiągnąć cele terapii. W najnowszych doniesieniach podkreśla się, że stosowanie statyn u chorych na cukrzycę powoduje znaczne obniżenie stężenia cholesterolu frakcji LDL, jednak docelowe wartości uzyskuje nadal mniej niż połowa pacjentów. Podsumowując, należy zrewidować dotychczasowe poglądy na temat leków hipolipemizujacych i wcześniej rozpoczynać intensywną terapię dyslipidemii u chorych na cukrzycę, aby osiągnąć cele leczenia i zapewnić optymalną prewencję zdarzeń sercowo-naczyniowych

Gender Differential in the Association of Body Mass Index and Abdominal Obesity with Prehypertension and Hypertension in Iranian Adults

*Objective:* The aim of this study was to determine the gender differential in the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity with blood pressure (BP) and prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and prehypertension (Pre-HTN) among the adult population of Iran.&#xd;&#xa;&#xd;&#xa;*Design:* A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2004 to February 2005. The selection was conducted by stratified probability cluster sampling through household family members in Iran.&#xd;&#xa;&#xd;&#xa;*Subjects and Measurements:* Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and systolic and diastolic BP of 45,082 men and 44,322 women aged 15-65 (mean 39.2) were measured. &#xd;&#xa;&#xd;&#xa;*Results:* The prevalence of HTN was 25.2% in men and 24.8% in women; and 50.1% of men and 39.1% of women were pre-hypertensive. WC and BMI were strongly associated with BP in both genders. Multivariate analysis revealed that both WC and BMI had the stronger association with HTN and Pre-HTN in men than women. Compared to men and women with normal weight, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) of HTN was 5.75 (5.13, 6.44) for men and 4.29 (3.95, 4.66) for women with BMI &#x2265; 30. The multivariate OR of prevalence HTN in men with abdominal obesity compared with men without was 3.76 (3.41, 4.22) and in women, 2.92 (2.73, 3.13).&#xd;&#xa;&#xd;&#xa;*Conclusion:* These data indicate that both BMI and WC had the stronger association with HTN and Pre-HTN in men than women. &#xd;&#xa