Evaluation of the effectiveness of different herbicides against a new weed Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Houtt.) in wheat crop

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different post emergence herbicides for the control of monocot weed the Japanese broom (Bromus japonicus ) in wheat crop. Five herbicides viz., metribuzin, isoproturon, metribuzin plus isoproturon, Atlantis and sulfosulfuron were used at their recommended doses in RCBD with three replications. The weedy check was kept as control where no herbicide was sprayed. All the herbicides were applied as post-emergence after second irrigation at 60 days after sowing the crop. The lowest weed counts per m2 (0.583) and highest percent of weed mortality (99.07%) were observed where metribuzin plus isoproturon was used. This was followed by Atlantis with 3.26 weeds per m2 with 95.14% mortality of weeds. However, significantly higher 1000 grain weight was noted with Atlantis (29.50 g) and metribuzin plus isoproturon (28.58 g). The treatments did not differ significantly with respect to 1000 grain weight. All the herbicide helped to increase the yield from 16 to 22%, but did not differ significantly with respect to yield gain. The highest yield (3759.40 kg ha-1) was produced by Atlantis followed by sulfosulfuron (3757.20 kg ha-1 ). On the basis of cost benefit ratio sulfosulfuron (34.95) proved to be the best followed by metribuzin (16.78). Therefore, sulfosulfuron and metribuzin are recommended for the control of Bromus weed in wheat crop

Comperative Performance of Wheat Seed Increasing %Age in Standing Cotton. I-Relay Cropping System of Cotton Based

Abstract: The major conflict in the cotton-wheat-cropping system is the prolonged harvesting of cotton resulting in late planting of wheat causing decrease in yield for every day's delay in planting after 15 November. This clearly underlines the need for a solution of the above conflict. The now till technique is now being increasingly demonstrated as a way out. The major objective of the present study was to work out the profitability of planting wheat in standing cotton. The experiment was conducted at Adaptive Research Farm Rahim Yar Khan, during 2011-12, to evaluate the technological feasibility and economic validity of relay cropping system by the different wheat seeding rates. The objective of this study was to check the different seed rates of wheat in standing cotton as relay crop. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Wheat variety Sehar-2006 was used with seed rates such as 125,150,175 and 200 kg/ha. The previous crop was cotton in this field, which was sown on 22 nd May 2011. Wheat was sown by surface seeding in standing cotton with different seeding rates. Seed rate of 200 kg ha -1 in relaying wheat by surface seeding produced higher grain yield than seeding rate of 150 kg/ha. Yield, yield components and quality traits of cotton were not affected significantly by any of the relay cropping systems. Substantially higher net field benefit was obtained from relay cropping system with seeding rate of 200 kg/ha as compared to wheat followed after cotton

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially