Spin-orbit coupling in organic microcavities: lower polariton splitting, triplet polaritons and disorder induced dark states relaxation

Using an extended Tavis-Cummings model, we study the effect of the spin-orbit coupling between the singlet and the triplet molecular excitons in organic microcavities in the strong coupling regime. The model is solved in the single excitation space for polaritons, that contain the bright (permutation symmetric) singlet and triplet excitons, as well as the dark bands consisting of the non-symmetric excitons of either type. We find that the spin-orbit coupling splits the lower polariton into two branches, and also creates a novel triplet polariton when the cavity mode is in resonance with the triplet excitons. The optical absorption spectrum of the system that can reveal this splitting in experiments is presented and the effect of disorder in exciton energies and couplings is explored. An important consequence of the disorder in the spin-orbit coupling - a weak coupling between the otherwise decoupled bright and dark sectors - is explored and detailed calculations of the squared transition matrix elements between the dark bands and polaritons are presented along with derivation of some approximate yet quite accurate analytical expressions. This new relaxation channel for the dark states contains an interference between two transition paths that, for a given polariton state, suppresses the relaxation of one dark band and enhances it for the other.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figure

Impact of Financial Crisis 2008 on Financial Institutions

Insurance sector is mainly affected by financial crisis due to failure of other sectors such as banks where insurance companies has put their guarantee on different securities and its investments in other sectors faced huge losses. AIG suffered from a liquidity crisis when its credit ratings were downgraded below "AA" levels in September 2008. AIG affected due collateral demand of $100 billion by counter parties on forward contract and currency swapping. The company’s liquidity position become too weak to get support from Government in form of bailout package to pay out its debt obligation and meet the collateral demands by counter party. In 2008 leverage position of company reach its high that was due increased debt (borrowing from Government) and losses from operations and investments depleted the equity amount. Same case with the Lincoln national corporation and Hart Ford financial services in 2008 the due losses from operations and other investments the equity amount decrease too much, so too get bailout package from US Government. These both companies have retuned back the bailout amount to treasury department but AIG has still$50 billion outstanding. In 2010-11 the performance of companies is good to some extent and debt to equity ratio of above all companies is decreased and unrealized losses are now recovered. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Debt-to-Equity, Federal Reserve Bank, Insurance Sector

Impact of Financial Crisis 2008 on Financial Institutions

Insurance sector is mainly affected by financial crisis due to failure of other sectors such as banks where insurance companies has put their guarantee on different securities and its investments in other sectors faced huge losses. AIG suffered from a liquidity crisis when its credit ratings were downgraded below "AA" levels in September 2008. AIG affected due collateral demand of $100 billion by counter parties on forward contract and currency swapping. The company’s liquidity position become too weak to get support from Government in form of bailout package to pay out its debt obligation and meet the collateral demands by counter party. In 2008 leverage position of company reach its high that was due increased debt (borrowing from Government) and losses from operations and investments depleted the equity amount. Same case with the Lincoln national corporation and Hart Ford financial services in 2008 the due losses from operations and other investments the equity amount decrease too much, so too get bailout package from US Government. These both companies have retuned back the bailout amount to treasury department but AIG has still$50 billion outstanding. In 2010-11 the performance of companies is good to some extent and debt to equity ratio of above all companies is decreased and unrealized losses are now recovered. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Debt-to-Equity, Federal Reserve Bank, Insurance Sector

Design and Development of MIMO Antennas for WiGig Terminals

This article presents a design for high-gain MIMO antennas with compact geometry. The proposed design is composed of four antennas in MIMO configuration, wherein, each antenna is made up of small units of microstrip patches. The overall geometry is printed on the top layer of the substrate, i.e., Rogers RT-5880 with permittivity of 2.2, permeability of 1.0, dielectric loss of 0.0009, and depth of 0.508 mm. The proposed design covers an area of 29.5 × 61.4 mm2, wherein each antenna covers an area of 11.82 × 25.28 mm2. The dimensions of the microstrip lines in each MIMO element were optimized to achieve a good impedance matching. The design is resonating at 61 GHz, with a wide practical bandwidth of more than 7 GHz, thereby covering IEEE 802.11ad WiGig (58–65 GHz). The average value of gain ranges from 9.45 to 13.6 dBi over the entire frequency bandwidth whereas, the average value of efficiency ranges from 55.5% to 84.3%. The proposed design attains a compact volume, wide bandwidth, and good gain and efficiency performances, which makes it suitable for WiGig terminals

Impact of Global Financial Crisis 2008 on Automobile Industry

Global financial crisis has formed bad impact on automobile industry in USA, like Suziki, Hyundai and Honda from 2008-2010. The companies’ sale decreased because of market situation and slum in world economy. Now economic conditions are getting better by having good financial policies and market exposure. This research study will explain the importance of debt to equity ratio in term of risk exposure being taken by the firm in market to finance the business and also analyze the importance and effectiveness of debt to equity for automobile sector. This study is based upon the three major players of industry to signify the risk exposure in term of debt and equity during a period of financial crisis and then how they manage it while looking at international financial regulations accordingly. Suzuki overcame this situation by keeping focus on R & D, marketing and manufacturing units. It has also changed its exposure of debt to equity, in the meantime of financial crisis it is having more financing through common stock. Hyundai overcame this situation by focusing on stakeholders like customers and employees. And due to this strategy the crisis has created the low effects on the Hyundai profitability and sales.  The Honda after the recession they began to again paying keen attention on its performance and increased its sales by introducing the innovation in its different models by launching the hybrid fuel efficient models. And it also keeps on focusing common stock rather than lending from risky source. It also explained the role of Federal Reserve Bank to control financial crisis all over the world. In the end this paper will compare the market exposure of debt and equity of three companies and suggest some recommendations to be more secure in future if same crisis revert again. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Automobile Sector, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Federal Reserve Bank. Paper Type: Research Pape

Impact of Global Financial Crisis 2008 on Automobile Industry

Global financial crisis has formedbad impact on automobile industry in USA, like Suziki, Hyundai and Honda from 2008-2010. The companies’ sale decreased because of marketsituation and slum in world economy. Now economic conditions are getting better by having good financialpolicies andmarket exposure. This research study will explain the importance of debt to equity ratio in term of risk exposure being taken by the firm in market to finance the business and also analyze the importance and effectiveness of debt to equity for automobile sector. This study is based upon the three major players of industry to signify the risk exposure in term of debt and equity during a period of financial crisis and then how they manage it while looking at international financial regulations accordingly. Suzuki overcame this situation by keeping focusonR & D, marketing and manufacturing units. It has also changed its exposure of debt to equity, in the meantimeof financial crisisit is having more financing through common stock. Hyundai overcame this situation by focusing on stakeholders like customers and employees. And due to this strategy the crisis has created the low effects on the Hyundai profitability and sales.  The Honda after the recession they began to again paying keen attention on its performance and increased its sales by introducing the innovation in its different models by launching the hybrid fuel efficient models. And it also keeps on focusing common stock rather than lending from risky source. It also explained the role of Federal Reserve Bank to control financial crisis all over the world. In the end this paper will compare the market exposure of debt and equity of three companies and suggest some recommendations to be more secure in future if same crisis revert again. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Automobile Sector, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Federal Reserve Bank

Financial Development and Bank Risk-Taking: Empirical Evidence from the USA

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0This study explores the impact of financial development on the risk-taking of large commercial banks over the prolonged period from 2002 to 2019 by using a two-step system GMM method. The findings confirm that financial development has a significant and positive relationship with bank risk-taking when measured by capital ratio or Z-score. In contrast, the impact of financial development on risk is negative when measured by risk- weighted assets. The empirical results explore the idea that financial development significantly impacts the risk-taking of adequately-capitalized, under-capitalized, significantly under-capitalized, high, and low liquid banks in the USA. These findings show that the impact of financial development on banks’ risk-taking was higher in the pre-crisis era than during and after the financial crisis. These results remain robust in view of different proxies and methodologies. The heterogeneous outcomes for different categories of bank in present economic conditions and in pre-, amid-, and post-crisis eras have practical implications for regulators, policymakers, investors, managers, and economists

In silico mutation analysis of human beta globin gene in sickle cell disease patients

Background: Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. People with sickle cell conditions make a different form of hemoglobin a called hemoglobin S. Sickle cell conditions are inherited from parents in much the same way as blood type, hair color and texture, eye color and other physical traits. Sickle cell disease occurs due to a single mutation on the b-globin gene, namely, a substitution of glutamic acid for valine at position 6 of the b chain. Several mutations in HBB gene can cause sickle cell disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, which can lead to anemia. The study is focused on analysis of HBB gene with its different variants, Evolutionary pathways and protein domains by using various bioinformatics tools.Methods: The study is focused on analysis of HBB gene with its different variants, Evolutionary pathways and protein domains by using various bioinformatics tools.Results: Sickle cell disease occurs due to a single mutation on the b-globin gene, namely, a substitution of glutamic acid for valine at position 6 of the b chain. Several mutations in HBB gene can cause sickle cell disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. Comparative study shown 38 different genes with little genetic variation among different species.Conclusion: Studies suggested that there is need to maintain a primary prevention program to detect sickle cell disease at earlier stages despite having a large high risk. Preventive diagnosis and follow-up would reduce infant mortality by preventing the development of severe anemia as well as dangerous complications. In short, sickle cell disease surveillance would avert loss of life, measured as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

Raised levels of IFN-gamma and IL-13 are associated with pre-diabetes amongst newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis

Objective: To investigate pre-diabetes and diabetes in newly-diagnosed tuberculosis patients and to assess the association of serum cytokine levels with diabetes status. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Indus Hospital and The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi from May to November 2015, and included patients of either gender aged 18 years or more with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis who were either newly diagnosed or had received up to 1 month of anti-tuberculosis therapy were included. Patients were enrolled from among those presenting to the clinics at Indus Hospital, Karachi, and the Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi. The patients were tested for glycosylated haemoglobin and random blood glucose. Diabetes was defined as HbA1c \u3e6.5%; pre-diabetes as HbA1c=5.7-6.4%; and normoglycaemic as HbA1c \u3c5.7%. Serum cytokines were investigated using the Bio-plex 27, Bio-Rad assay. SPSS version 19.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the 211 subjects, 110(52%) were females and 101(48%) were males. The overall median age of the sample was 26 years, and 100(47.3%) subjects were underweight. Of the total, 24(11.4%) had diabetes and 45(21.3%) had pre-diabetes. Of the diabetics, only 7(29%) knew their status prior to screening. Interferon-gamma and interleukin-13 were significantly different among tuberculosis patients with diabetes, pre-diabetes and normoglycaemia (p\u3c0.05). Glycosylated haemoglobin levels showed a significant correlation with interferon-gamma levels. Conclusions: Raised interleukin-13 and interferon-gamma levels in newly-diagnosed tuberculosis patients with pre-diabetes

Reversible and irreversible adsorption of bare and hybrid silica nanoparticles onto carbonate surface at reservoir condition

© 2020 Southwest Petroleum University Realistic implementation of nanofluids in subsurface projects including carbon geosequestration and enhanced oil recovery requires full understanding of nanoparticles (NPs) adsorption behaviour in the porous media. The physicochemical interactions between NPs and between the NP and the porous media grain surface control the adsorption behavior of NPs. This study investigates the reversible and irreversible adsorption of silica NPs onto oil-wet and water-wet carbonate surfaces at reservoir conditions. Each carbonate sample was treated with different concentrations of silica nanofluid to investigate NP adsorption in terms of nanoparticles initial size and hydrophobicity at different temperatures, and pressures. Aggregation behaviour and the reversibility of NP adsorption onto carbonate surfaces was measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement. Results show that the initial hydrophilicity of the NP and the carbonate rock surface can influence the NPs adsorption onto the rock surfaces. Typically, oppositely charged NP and rock surface are attracted to each other, forming a mono or multilayers of NPs on the rock. Operation conditions including pressure and temperature have shown minor influence on nano-treatment efficiency. Moreover, DLS measurement proved the impact of hydrophilicity on the stability and adsorption trend of NPs. This was also confirmed by SEM images. Further, AFM results indicated that a wide-ranging adsorption scenario of NPs on the carbonate surface exists. Similar results were obtained from the EDS measurements. This study thus gives the first insight into NPs adsorption onto carbonate surfaces at reservoirs conditions