Correction to: Application of some trees/shrubs in ruminant feeding: a review

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Recent advances in the practical usages of some trees/shrubs as ingredient of poultry diets

The gradual ban of chemical additives in livestock and poultry feeds has stimulated research interest into alternative natural products in poultry feeding. The effect of various components from several these trees/shrubs on the growth, performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract, blood plasma constitutes, and other parameters affecting on the economic efficiency of poultry farming have been well studied. Cinnamon, cardamom, willow, dog-rose, sumac and milkvetch are trees/shrubs which have been included in the diet on account of their numerous chemical and medicinal properties. This article reviews the products from selected trees/shrubs, their uses and application in poultry feeding. The distribution, adaptation, uses and potential benefits of their supplementation on poultry are discussed. More research into the concentration of these materials, duration of feeding that will optimize birds’ performance and their possible toxicological effects is recommended

Application of some trees/shrubs in ruminant feeding: a review

Ruminants play an important role in supplying human nutritional requirements. Given the increasing number of livestock and the limited resources to supply feedstuffs in order to feed ruminants, scientists are seeking ways to add to the ruminants\u2019 diets parts of trees and shrubs and to replace concentrates competitive with human food. A consequent positive result could be reduction of the costs for meat and milk yield. On the other hand, these feeds could contain some anti-nutritional factors such as tannins that can limit their use. In this paper, the use of components of some trees and shrubs as part of ruminant (cattle, sheep and goat) diets as well as their positive and negative effects on domestic animal productivity are reviewed

The Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Visual Learning & Memory and Anatomical Structures of the Brain in Male Rhesus Monkeys

Background: Humans in modern societies expose to substantially elevated levels of electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions with different frequencies.The neurobiological effects of EMF have been the subject of debate and intensive research over the past few decades. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of EMF on visual learning and anatomical dimensions of the hippocampus and the prefrontal area (PFA) in male Rhesus monkeys. Materials and Methods:In this study, four rhesus monkeys were irradiated by 0.7 microtesla ELF-EMF either at 5 or 30 Hz, 4 h a day, for 30 days. Alterations in visual learning and memory were assessed before and after irradiation phase by using a box designed that cchallenging animals for gaining rewards Also, the monkeys’ brains were scanned by using MRI technique one week before and one week after irradiation. The monkeys were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (10–20 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.2–0.4 mg/kg), and scanned with a 3-Tesla Magnetom, in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes using T2 weight­ed protocol with a slice thickness of 3 mm. The anatomical changes of hippocampus and the prefrontal area (PFA) was measured by volumetric study. Results: Electromagnetic field exposure at a frequency of 30 Hz reduced the number of correct responses in the learning process and delayed memory formation in the two tested monkeys. While, ELF-EMF at 5 Hz had no effect on the visual learning and memory changes. No anatomical changes were found in the prefrontal area and the hippocampus at both frequencies. Conclusion: ELF-EMF irradiation at 30 Hz adversely affected visual learning and memory, pprobably through these changes apply through effects on other factors except changes in brain structure and anatomy

The internal evaluation of physiology department of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Background: Given the role educational system, it is necessary to most desirable design and implements activities. Internal evaluation is process in which members of the department said the group's objectives and their performance are judged and then reviewed their role and for better performance, essential steps to take.The purpose of this study was the internal evaluation of Physiology Department of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive and cross sectional conclucted in 2014-2015. Data was collected using questionnaire and was evaluated in 6 areas. Questionnaire was prepared and drafted by some faculty members and Medical Education Development Center. Based on the Likert scale, data was classified favorable, relatively favorable and unfavorable in a range of 0 to 5 points. Results: The results showed that the head of department area (acquired by averaging 4.23), faculty members (3.57), educational courses (3.96) and curriculums of the department of physiology (3.57) are favorable and areas of educational and research requirement and constructions (2.92) and research activities of the faculty members (2.73) are comparatively favorable. Conclusion: According to Likert scale, department of physiology of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences was evaluated and ranked in all mentioned areas (acquired by averaging 3.39), therefore has a satisfactory level