Surface sediment analysis on petroleum hydrocarbon and total organic carbon from coastal area of Papar to Tuaran, Sabah

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in surface sediments along coastal area of Papar to Tuaran, Sabah. Surface sediment samples were collected in 24 different stations in each area by using Ponar grab sampler. Samples were extracted for TPH using standard method sediment/sludge APHA 5520E and analyzed using UV/VIS spectrophotometer while for TOC method analysis using United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/MAP Athens (2006). The range of TPH concentrations in surface sediments were recorded at 0.24 – 20.65 mg/kg dw Miri crude oil equivalents, meanwhile the TOC percentage ranged from 0.03 – 4.02%. In the mean time, the statistical analysis by Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation with coefficient, r = 0.790 which showing the TPH concentrations significantly have influence on the TOC accumulations in the surface sediment

Composition and sources of Sterols in Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia.

This study explores the role of sterols as lipid biomarkers to indicate their input which originates from various sources in the marine environment. Sterols and their ratios were investigated in sediments taken from sixteen sampling stations at Pulau Tinggi, Johor in order to assess the sources of organic matter. The compounds extracted from the sediments were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distributions of sterols indicated that organic matter at all sampling stations originated from a mixture of marine source and terrestrial origins at different proportions. A total of eleven sterols were quantified, with the major compounds being phytosterols (44% of total sterols), cholesterol (11%), brassicasterol (11%) and fecal sterols (12%)

Petroleum hydrocarbon in surface sediment from coastal area of Putatan and Papar, Sabah

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and percent total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in surface sediments from coastal area of Papar and Putatan, Sabah. Samples were collected in five different stations in each area by using Ponar grab sampler. Samples were extracted with Soxhlet, concentrated and analyzed by using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The overall mean and range of TPH concentrations in the sediments from coastal area of Papar and Putatan were 1.95 (0.53 – 4.59 mg/kg dw Miri crude oil equivalents) and 0.85 (0.26 – 1.64 mg/kg dw Miri crude oil equivalents) respectively. Meanwhile, the TOC ranged from 0.81 – 2.32% and 0.35 – 0.81% respectively. Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation showed no significant differences between TPH and TOC (p < 0.05) in both areas

Taburan sterol dalam sedimen di Sungai Sepang Besar, Selangor.

A study of sterol distribution in Sungai Sepang Besar was carried out on 17th September 2005 and 20th December 2005. Sediment samples were collected from 12 stations using grab sampler to determine the sources of sterol and the level of sewage contamination. Sterols were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The results obtained showed that cholesterol and terrestrial plants (! -sitosterol and stigmasterol) dominated Sungai Sepang Besar while coastal areas were dominated by ergosterol. It is concluded that Sungai Sepang Besar was polluted with sewage based on coprostanol/cholesterol ratios

Distribution of fatty alcohols in surface sediments of the Endau River, Johor

The distribution and concentrations of extractable fatty alcohols in surface sediments of the Endau River were determined to identify their sources and variations. A total of 18 surface sediment samples were taken from Sungai Endau, Johor. Samples were then extracted and analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Total fatty alcohol concentration ranged from 0.62 to 34.54 ngg-1 dry weight sediment. Generally, the study area is dominated by long chain fatty alcohols which are indicator for terrestrial organic matter. This is also supported by the ratio of short chain/long chain fatty alcohol and alcohol source index (ASI). This study showed the fatty alcohols detected in the study area originated from various sources with inputs from terrestrial being the more dominant sources

Motion Synthesis Of Planar Four Linkage Movement For Part Flipping Application

Designs methods for four linkages encompass mathematical approach, trial and error method, function generation, motion synthesis and path synthesis. Various literatures found used mathematical approach to find specific solution. This main goal of this paper is to provide study of motion synthesis of four bar mechanism to find solution for mobile parts flipping application. Systematic procedures for motion synthesis to determine the length and position of the links in case of desired positions of a coupler are presented. The graphical method provides quick solution for designer regarding kinematic problem without involvement of complicated mathematical equation. Part of the solution is compared with mathematical approach and simulation approach. As a conclusion, the graphicaI approach result match with other method and helpful to provide better insight of the system during designing the solution

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Langkawi Island, Malaysia

The individual compounds and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were studied in the surface sediments at 32 locations in the tourism area of Langkawi Island. A total of 15 PAHs were determined and quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total PAH concentrations of surface sediments from Langkawi Island ranged from 228.13 to 990.25 ng/g and they were classified as being in the low to moderate pollution range. All sampling stations were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs with 4 rings (31.59%) and 5-6 rings (42.73%). The diagnostic ratio results showed that in most cases, the sampling stations have pyrogenic input. Further analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with absolute principal component score (APCS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that the natural gas emissions contributed to 57% of the total PAH concentration, 22% from the incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of fuel, 15% from pyrogenic and petrogenic sources and 6% from an undefined source

Seasonal variability of anthropogenic indices of PAHs in sediment from the Kuala Selangor River, west coast Peninsular Malaysia

Rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia has led to the intense release of petroleum and products of petroleum into the environment. Surface sediment samples were collected from the Selangor River in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia during four climatic seasons and analyzed for PAHs and biomarkers (hopanes). Sediments were soxhlet extracted and further purified and fractionated through first and second step column chromatography. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for analysis of PAHs and hopanes fractions. The average concentrations of total PAHs ranged from 219.7 to 672.3 ng g−1 dw. The highest concentrations of PAHs were detected at 964.7 ng g−1 dw in station S5 in the mouth of the Selangor River during the wet inter-monsoonal season. Both pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs were detected in the sediments with a predominance of the former. The composition of hopanes was homogeneous showing that petroleum hydrocarbons share an identical source in the study area. Diagnostic ratios of hopanes indicated that some of the sediment samples carry the crankcase oil signature

Microplastic abundance from pig farm effluent and surface water in Sungai Tuang, Melaka, Malaysia

Livestock is one of the country’s important economic resources, nevertheless, an unsystematic livestock farm management system contributes to microplastic pollution. Microplastics (MPs) pollutant hurts the environment and human life, limited studies have been done in Malaysia’s freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, this research was to determine the abundance of MPs in surface water and sediments from the nearby river and the last catchment pond of pig farm effluent in Paya Mengkuang and Sungai Tuang, Melaka. The concentration of MPs was compared with six water quality parameters (pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study found that the average concentration of MPs was 487.38 particles/L and 50.96 particles/g for water and sediment samples consequently. This study showed a significant correlation between COD concentration and microplastic count in sediment samples. The source of microplastics in rivers is associated with anthropogenic activities such as unsystematic garbage disposal and poultry manure. The prevalence of microplastics in the environment of MPs could threaten the safety of resource utilization as MPs enter the food chain in aquatic ecology and pose a severe threat to aquatic organisms directly and subsequently to humans. Our study provides essential data on microplastic pollution in river estuaries and livestock farm areas

Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments from selected locations in Kuala Selangor River, Malaysia

A study has been conducted at selected locations along the Kuala Selangor River, Malaysia on seven surface sediment samples to determine the level of hydrocarbon pollution in the sediments. The homogenized sediments were extracted using soxhlet, fractionated and analyzed by using GCMS. PAHs were detected and were found in the range of 563–1,037 ng/g (dryweight). Ratio MP/P was used to determine the anthropogenic PAHs sources where seven stations were found to be polluted by petrogenic sources. Furthermore, MP/P ratios for sediment samples had values ranging from 1.752 to 18.6, while L/H ratios for the same samples ranged from 0.2978 to 1.393. There were 26 compounds of PAHs detected in the samples. Further analysis and more data is needed in order to identify the sources of oil pollution in seven sediment samples with unidentified oil sources