Vitamin D₃supplementation and childhood diarrhea: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the incidence and risk for first and recurrent diarrheal illnesses among children in Kabul, Afghanistan. METHODS: This double-blind placebo-controlled trial randomized 3046 high-risk 1- to 11-month-old infants to receive 6 quarterly doses of oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol 100000 IU) or placebo in inner city Kabul. Data on diarrheal episodes (≥ 3 loose/liquid stools in 24 hours) was gathered through active and passive surveillance over 18 months of follow-up. Time to first diarrheal illness was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier plots. Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by using recurrent event Poisson regression models. RESULTS: No significant difference existed in survival time to first diarrheal illness (log rank P = .55). The incidences of diarrheal episodes were 3.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.28-3.59) and 3.59 per child-year (95% CI, 3.44-3.76) in the placebo and intervention arms, respectively. Vitamin D3 supplementation was found to have no effect on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in either intention-to-treat (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.17; P = .15) or per protocol (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.12; P = .14) analyses. The lack of preventive benefit remained when the randomized population was stratified by age groups, nutritional status, and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Quarterly supplementation with vitamin D3 conferred no reduction on time to first illness or on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in this study. Similar supplementation to comparable populations is not recommended. Additional research in alternative settings may be helpful in elucidating the role of vitamin D3 supplementation for prevention of diarrheal diseases

The effectiveness of display screen user training

Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. in Occupational Psychology at Hull UnivAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- 3278.6522(CCRI-Z--91) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Estimated hazards for diarrheal illness by season^a. a.

<p>Hazards estimates are adjusted for child age.</p

Multivariate analysis for risk of diarrheal illness.

<p><i>a</i>. Impoverished household defined as households that reported living on less than 1.25 US dollars per person per day.[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116342#pone.0116342.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]</p><p>Multivariate analysis for risk of diarrheal illness.</p

Univariate analysis for risk of diarrheal illness.

<p><i>a</i>. Impoverished household defined as households that reported living on less than 1.25 US dollars per person per day.[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116342#pone.0116342.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]</p><p>Univariate analysis for risk of diarrheal illness.</p

Study population.

<p>Study population.</p