Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and MCI.

<p>Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and MCI.</p

Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and DLB.

<p>Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and DLB.</p

Demographics of participants.

<p>Demographics of participants.</p

The percentages of people who had the saving appearance responses (SARs).

<p>MCI: mild cognitive impairment; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; *: <i>P</i> < 0.05 with Bonfferoni correction.</p

Prevalence of abnormal blood marker values (%).

<p>Prevalence of abnormal blood marker values (%).</p

Odds ratio of abnormal levels of biochemical blood markers (reference = AD).

<p>Odds ratio of abnormal levels of biochemical blood markers (reference = AD).</p

Differences of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Disease Severity in Four Major Dementias

<div><p>Background/Aims</p><p>Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) negatively impact the prognosis of dementia patients and increase caregiver distress. The aims of this study were to clarify the differences of trajectories of 12 kinds of BPSDs by disease severity in four major dementias and to develop charts showing the frequency, severity, and associated caregiver distress (ACD) of BPSDs using the data of a Japan multicenter study (J-BIRD).</p><p>Methods</p><p>We gathered Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) data of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 1091), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 249), vascular dementia (VaD; n = 156), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD; n = 102) collected during a 5-year period up to July 31, 2013 in seven centers for dementia in Japan. The NPI composite scores (frequency × severity) of 12 kinds of items were analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA) in each dementia. The factor scores of the PCA were compared in each dementia by disease severity, which was determined with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR).</p><p>Results</p><p>Significant increases with higher CDR scores were observed in 1) two of the three factor scores which were loaded for all items except euphoria in AD, 2) two of the four factor scores for apathy, aberrant motor behavior (AMB), sleep disturbances, agitation, irritability, disinhibition, and euphoria in DLB, and 3) one of the four factor scores for apathy, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in VaD. However, no increases were observed in any of the five factor scores in FTLD.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>As dementia progresses, several BPSDs become more severe, including 1) apathy and sleep disturbances in AD, DLB, and VaD, 2) all of the BPSDs except euphoria in AD, 3) AMB, agitation, irritability, disinhibition, and euphoria in DLB, and 4) depression and anxiety in VaD. Trajectories of BPSDs in FTLD were unclear.</p></div

NPI factor scores according to dementia severity in patients with four dementias.

<p>No. patients shown in bold.</p

Symptoms whose prevalence of dementia patients were 50% or more in each CDR score.

<p>Symptoms in each column are shown in decreasing order of prevalence. Only symptoms that were found in at least 5 patients are shown in the table.</p