CD206+ M2-like macrophages regulate systemic glucose metabolism by inhibiting proliferation of adipocyte progenitors

Adipose tissue resident macrophages have important roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regulate insulin sensitivity for example by secreting pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that M2-like macrophages in adipose tissue regulate systemic glucose homeostasis by inhibiting adipocyte progenitor proliferation via the CD206/TGFβ signaling pathway. We show that adipose tissue CD206+ cells are primarily M2-like macrophages, and ablation of CD206+ M2-like macrophages improves systemic insulin sensitivity, which was associated with an increased number of smaller adipocytes. Mice genetically engineered to have reduced numbers of CD206+ M2-like macrophages show a down-regulation of TGFβ signaling in adipose tissue, together with up-regulated proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors. Our findings indicate that CD206+ M2-like macrophages in adipose tissues create a microenvironment that inhibits growth and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors and, thereby, control adiposity and systemic insulin sensitivity

Carbon Ion Radiotherapy For Adenocarcinoma of The Head and Neck

Purpose/Objective(s)To estimate the toxicity and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the head-and-neck.Materials/MethodsBetween April 1997 and February 2012, a total of 50 patients with adenocarcinoma of the head-and-neck were treated with carbon ion radiotherapy. None of these patients had either regional lymph node or distant metastasis before radiotherapy.The prescribed tumor doses were 57.6 or 64.0 GyE in 16 fractions over four weeks. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment in this study.The National Institute of Radiological Sciences Ethical Committee on Human Clinical Research has approved this study.ResultsThe patients consisted of 29 males and 21 females aged from 26 to 80 years with an average age of 61 years. As for the tumor sites studied, there were 15 paranasal sinus, 9 orbit, 7 nasal cavity, 7 major salivary gland, 5 pharynx, 4 oral cavity, 2 external ear canal and 1 parapharyngeal space. Forty-one of 50 patients with unresectable tumors or with recurrence and residual tumors after other treatment were permitted to partake in the carbon ion radiotherapy. The gross tumor volume ranged from 1.8 to 227.7 ml, with an average of 67.2 ml.Median follow-up time was 42.5 months (range, 3.9-179.8 months). Although acute grade 3 skin and mucosal reactions appeared in 2 of 50 patients (4%) and 8 of 45 patients (18%), almost all of the late skin and mucosal reactions were grade 1 or less. At the time of analysis, there was no evidence of any unexpected severe toxicity to the critical organs. The 5-year local control and overall survival rates of all patients were 83% and 55%, respectively. As for the T stage studied, the 5-year local control rates were 88% for stage from T1 to T3, 74% for T4 and 88% for recurrence and residual tumors after other treatment. The 5-year overall survival rates were 88% for stage from T1 to T3, 42% for T4 and 54% for recurrence and residual tumors after other treatment, respectively.ConclusionsOur results showed acceptable toxicities and excellent therapeutic effectiveness for adenocarcinomas.ASTRO\u27s 55th Annual Meetin

Experience of long-term management for osteoradionecrosis of the maxilla after carbon ion radiotherapy

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the incident of maxillary osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients who underwent carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for head and neck cancer.Materials and Methods: From April 1997 to April 2006, 239 patients with the head and neck cancers were treated with CIRT with a dose of 57.6 GyE per 16 fractions. Patients whose alveolar process and palatine process of maxilla had been irradiated more than 10 percent of the prescribed dose were selected. We retrospectively investigated the incidence and treatment of ORN. Results: Sixty seven patients were enrolled in this study. Of the 67 patients, 33 patients (49.3%) developed ORN. Sixteen patients (23.9%) received no treatment, 13 patients (19.4%) with exposed sequestrum received conservative therapy. Four patients (6.0%) with failure of conservative therapy were undergone sequestrectomy.After sequestrectomy, all of 4 patients showed no signs of sequestrum re-exposure or symptom exacerbation during the average follow up period of 36.7 months (range, 4-58 months). In addition, masticatory function was maintained using dento-maxillary prosthesis in all cases.Conclusions: Although 33 patients developed ORN, only 4 patients needed the surgical treatment. However we could control the clinical symptoms and improved the QOL for the 4 patients after surgical intervention.Heavy Ion in Therapy and Space Radiation Symposium 2013(HITSRS2013

Effects of the dose-volume relationship on and risk factors for maxillary osteoradionecrosis after carbon ion radiotherapy.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a critical complication after carbon ion (C-ion) or photon radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck tumors. However, the risk factors for ORN after C-ion RT remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of the dose-volume relationship on and risk factors for ORN development after C-ion RT. We, however, focused on the maxillary bone because most tumors treated with C-ion RT were primarily located in the sinonasal cavity

Quantifying Collective Attention from Tweet Stream

<div><p></p><p>Online social media are increasingly facilitating our social interactions, thereby making available a massive “digital fossil” of human behavior. Discovering and quantifying distinct patterns using these data is important for studying social behavior, although the rapid time-variant nature and large volumes of these data make this task difficult and challenging. In this study, we focused on the emergence of “collective attention” on Twitter, a popular social networking service. We propose a simple method for detecting and measuring the collective attention evoked by various types of events. This method exploits the fact that tweeting activity exhibits a burst-like increase and an irregular oscillation when a particular real-world event occurs; otherwise, it follows regular circadian rhythms. The difference between regular and irregular states in the tweet stream was measured using the Jensen-Shannon divergence, which corresponds to the intensity of collective attention. We then associated irregular incidents with their corresponding events that attracted the attention and elicited responses from large numbers of people, based on the popularity and the enhancement of key terms in posted messages or “tweets.” Next, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using a large dataset that contained approximately 490 million Japanese tweets by over 400,000 users, in which we identified 60 cases of collective attentions, including one related to the Tohoku-oki earthquake. “Retweet” networks were also investigated to understand collective attention in terms of social interactions. This simple method provides a retrospective summary of collective attention, thereby contributing to the fundamental understanding of social behavior in the digital era.</p> </div