Additional file 1: of Cortical activation patterns in healthy subjects during the traditional Japanese word generation task Shiritori determined by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy

Grand average waveforms of changes in [oxy-Hb] (red), [deoxy-Hb] (blue) and [total-Hb] (green) during the Shiritori task. For each channel, the x-axis denotes time from 0 to 160 s and the y-axis denotes activation between −0.8 and 0.8 mM∙mm. The Shiritori task period is marked by two vertical dashed lines at 10 and 100 s. CH, channel. (PDF 830 kb

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

<p>Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise noted. SLPE, schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy; nPE, nonpychotic epilepsy; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale-Revised; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; FLE, frontal lobe epilepsy.</p

Averaged eLORETA solutions (current density at cortical voxels) of EEG sources for each frequency band.

<p>The maximum current density values for each frequency are given below the corresponding column. SLPE, schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy; nPE, nonpsychotic epilepsy; L, left; R, right.</p

eLORETA wire diagram illustrating significantly increased functional connectivity (<i>lagged</i> phase synchronization) in the beta2 frequency band in right frontotemporal circuits in patients with schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy vs. those with nonpsychotic epilepsy (<i>t</i>_max = 5.6; p<0.01, corrected).

<p>The significant connectivity wires are shown inside a transparent cortical surface with axial views from the top (left) and bottom (right), as well as coronal (top middle) and right sagittal view (bottom middle). The red color of the wire indicates relative increase in phase synchronization (as opposed to a blue wire that would indicate connectivity decrease). Increased beta2 (21–30 Hz) phase synchronization was observed between signals of the Brodmann area (BA) 32 (anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex) and those of BAs 32/28 (medial temporal cortex) and BA21 (middle temporal gyrus in the lateral convexity), and between BA 32 and BA 9 (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). The points to which the lines are connected represent the center of mass of the BAs. The table at the bottom shows the phase synchronization values of the significantly different connections between groups. ^a Regions in the right hemisphere; SLPE, schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy; nPE, nonpychotic epilepsy; BA, Brodmann area; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; mPreF, medial prefrontal; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.</p

eLORETA statistical maps of theta oscillations.

<p>Colored areas represent the spatial extent of voxels with significant difference (red-coded for p<0.05; yellow-coded for p<0.01, corrected for multiple testing) in source current density in psychotic vs. nonpsychotic epilepsy patients. Significant results are projected onto a fiducial cortical surface (top panel) and a brain MRI template (bottom panel). The MRI slices are located at the MNI-space coordinates indicated in the figure that correspond to the voxel of highest significance (i.e., left posterior cingulate/precuneus cortex). The color scale represents log F-ratio values (threshold: log-F = 1.03, p<0.05). L, left; R, right; A, anterior; P, posterior.</p

eLORETA wire diagram and scatterplots of significant correlations between functional connectivity (<i>lagged</i> phase synchronization values) in beta2 (21–30 Hz) frequency band and psychopathology scores (i.e., positive symptoms) in patients with schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy at specific regions (r = 0.79; p<0.05, corrected).

<p>The significant connectivity wire is projected onto a transparent fiducial cortical surface. a) axial view from the top; b) sagittal view from the right; c) coronal view from the front d) axial view from the base. The points to which the lines are connected represent the center of mass of the BAs. BA32_34, connectivity between Brodmann areas 32 and 34.</p

eLORETA wire diagram and scatterplots showing a significant correlation between interhemispheric beta2 (21-30 Hz) phase synchronization of right auditory cortex and the Broca's area with auditory hallucination scores among patients with schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy (r = 0.82; p<0.05, corrected).

<p>The significant connectivity wire is projected onto a transparent fiducial cortical surface. a) axial view from the top; b) sagittal view from the left; c) coronal view from the front d) sagittal view from the right. The points to which the lines are connected represent the center of mass of the BAs. BA 42_45, connectivity between Brodmann areas 42 and 45.</p

Impact of the <i>NRGN</i> genotype on GM volume of left anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Anatomical localizations are displayed on coronal, sagittal, and axial sections of a normal MRI spatially normalized into the Montreal Neurological Institute template (uncorrected <i>p</i><0.001, cluster size>100). A significant cluster of the genotype effect was in the left anterior cingulate gyrus in the patients with schizophrenia, after controlling for differences in the duration of illness among genotypes. The region is shown as cross-hairline. The color bars show <i>t</i> values corresponding to the color in the figure. (<b>B</b>) Each column shows relative gray matter volumes extracted from the left anterior cingulate gyrus (Talairach coordinates; −12, 42, −9). We extracted a sphere with a 10 mm volume-of-interest (VOI) radius from the significant region to compare the effects of the genotype in both the patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Effects of <i>NRGN</i> genotype on GM volumes in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls.

<p>GM: gray matter, R: right, L: left, BA: Brodmann area, CS: Cluster size, FWE: family-wise error, SZ: patients with schizophrenia, HC: healthy controls. Significant results [<i>p</i><0.05 (<i>FWE</i> corrected)] are shown as bold face and underline.</p

Effects of <i>NRGN</i> genotype and genotype-diagnosis interaction on GM and WM volumes in total subjects.

<p>GM: gray matter, WM: white matter, R: right, L: left, BA: Brodmann area, CS: Cluster size, FWE: family-wise error.</p