Additional file 1 of Inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in adulthood in a general Japanese population: a cross-sectional analysis from the Hisayama Study

Additional file 1: Supplemental Table S1. Parental care and overprotection scores for all participants according to age group. Supplemental Table S2. Combination of paternal and maternal parenting styles. Supplemental Table S3. Association of the score of parental care and overprotection with the presence of diabetes after including the participants with a single parent. Supplemental Table S4. Characteristics of included and excluded subjects

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Perceived inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with greater risk of sleep disturbance in adulthood: the Hisayama Study

Characteristics for all participants according to sleep disturbance. (DOCX 18 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Perceived inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with greater risk of sleep disturbance in adulthood: the Hisayama Study

Odds ratios for sleep disturbance according to parental bonding style. (DOCX 30 kb

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Perceived inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with greater risk of sleep disturbance in adulthood: the Hisayama Study

Characteristics of participants and non-participants. (DOCX 15 kb

Alexithymia Is Associated with Greater Risk of Chronic Pain and Negative Affect and with Lower Life Satisfaction in a General Population: The Hisayama Study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Chronic pain is a significant health problem worldwide, with a prevalence in the general population of approximately 40%. Alexithymia — the personality trait of having difficulties with emotional awareness and self-regulation — has been reported to contribute to an increased risk of several chronic diseases and health conditions, and limited research indicates a potential role for alexithymia in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. However, no study has yet examined the associations between alexithymia and chronic pain in the general population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We administered measures assessing alexithymia, pain, disability, anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction to 927 adults in Hisayama, Japan. We classified the participants into four groups (low-normal alexithymia, middle-normal alexithymia, high-normal alexithymia, and alexithymic) based on their responses to the alexithymia measure. We calculated the risk estimates for the criterion measures by a logistic regression analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>Controlling for demographic variables, the odds ratio (OR) for having chronic pain was significantly higher in the high-normal (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.07–2.09) and alexithymic groups (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.47–4.45) compared to the low-normal group. Approximately 40% of the participants belonged to these two high-risk groups. In the subanalyses of the 439 participants with chronic pain, the levels of pain intensity, disability, depression, and anxiety were significantly increased and the degree of life satisfaction was decreased with elevating alexithymia categories.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The findings demonstrate that, in the general population, higher levels of alexithymia are associated with a higher risk of having chronic pain. The early identification and treatment of alexithymia and negative affect may be beneficial in preventing chronic pain and reducing the clinical and economic burdens of chronic pain. Further research is needed to determine if this association is due to a causal effect of alexithymia on the prevalence and severity of chronic pain.</p></div

The relationship between the TAS-20 score levels and the pain-related outcomes of the 439 participants with chronic pain.

<p>Values are medians (interquartile range).</p><p>Pain intensity, disability and life satisfaction were evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale.</p><p>Depression and anxiety scores were evaluated by Symptom Check List-90-R.</p

Odds ratios for chronic pain according to the TAS-20 subscales, adjusted for demographic factors in the general population.

<p>Odds ratios for chronic pain according to the TAS-20 subscales, adjusted for demographic factors in the general population.</p

Characteristics of the study population according to the TAS-20 score level.

<p>Values are means ± std. dev. or frequencies or median (interquartile range).</p><p>The TAS-20: the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale.</p