『セント=ヘレナ覚書』の予備的考察

大西洋の文字どおり絶海の孤島セント=ヘレナは、ナポレオン最後の流刑の地、彼がそこで没した島として知られるが、その流刑に伴った少数随員の一人ラス・カーズの手になる『セント=ヘレナ覚書』は、ナポレオン没後2年目の1823年に8巻本としてヨーロッパで初刊行され、ナポレオン最後の日々の言動記録、第一次資料として、今日にまで版を重ねている。しかしながらわが国では、そのあまりの大著のゆえか、あるいはその読解にナポレオン時代史の細かな知見をおのずからに要求されるゆえか、またあるいはその信頼性への予断にみちた否定的姿勢のゆえからか、内容の全体に則した紹介、評価は皆無に近いままに今日に至っているとうけとめられる。セント=ヘレナ島でナポレオンに近しく接した人物たちの尊重すべき記録は他にも若干は存在し、それら第一次資料相互の検討が本来的に必要とされるのは言を俟たない。しかしそのためにも、ナポレオン身辺のもっとも近い記録者と目されるラス・カーズの『覚書』を、検討不可欠のものとして、筆者は能うべく客観的に受容し、忌憚のない評価を試み、同学の士の参考に供したいと志した。ただしここに本稿で論述するのは、『セント=ヘレナ覚書』の内容実体に迫る本来的目的への、基礎的部分にとどめる。導入につづけて、著者ラス・カーズについて、そして『セント=ヘレナ覚書』の諸版についてを、まず主な布石として配しておきたいと思う

ナポレオン紋章におけるオリエントの出現

10年にわたるフランス革命期はボナパルトの軍事独裁政権の誕生をもって幕を閉じ、やがて帝政が開始される。本稿はまずその革命に源を発するフランス共和国、ついではナポレオン帝政をめぐるヨーロッパ国際環境の態様から始める。そしてフランス政体の権威化の不可避的必要性を集中的に示すものとして、ナポレオンにより選定された紋章に着目、そのエンブレム(象徴的文様)に古代エジプト王権のしるしを認定することで、ナポレオンの反フランス王政、対ヨーロッパ諸国への抵抗表現を示す。ナポレオンにより採用されたエンブレムは蜜蜂であり、筆者は蜜蜂のエンブレムのフランスにおける系譜を歴史学的にたどる一方、フランス王家代々の紋をなした百合のエンブレムについても考察、それら二つのエンブレムが古代エジプトにおいて対比的に扱われた二つの王権のシンボルであったことを説く。最後に、古代エジプト文明とナポレオンの知見との現実的接点として、彼みずからの18世紀末のエジプト遠征、それに先立ってエジプト王権に関する予備的知識を与えたと思われる諸資料、遠征に随伴した第一級の学術団の現地探査、その主たる成果である大冊大著『エジプト誌』23巻通覧の、諸報告を行い、本稿試論の補助学的操作をはかろうとする

The method to divide a sentence of requirement into individual requirements and the development of requirement specification editor which can describe individual requirements

BACKGROUND: Agile software development gains requirements from the direct discussion with customers and the development staff each time, and the customers evaluate the appropriateness of the requirement. If the customers divide the complicated requirement into individual requirements, the engineer who is in charge of software development can understand it easily. This is called division of requirement. However, the customers do not understand how much and how to divide the requirements. RESULTS: This paper proposes the method to divide a complicated requirement into individual requirements. Also, it shows the development of requirement specification editor which can describe individual requirements. CONCLUSIONS: The engineer who is in charge of software development can understand requirements easily

Growth of Adsorbed Additive Layer for Further Friction Reduction

Special Issue:6th European Conference on Tribology (ECOTRIB 2017)Boundary lubrication is one of the most interesting topics in the field of tribology, and a lot of studies have been conducted from the past for understanding the behaviour of boundary lubrication films. General boundary lubrication films are formed by the adsorption of additives mixed into lubricant, and then the tribological performances are drastically improved in many cases. However, there is still room for discussion on the “actual” behaviour of adsorbed additive layer in the tribological condition, that is, under high pressure and/or with external forces. This paper showed the “growing” behaviour of an adsorbed additive layer onto metal surface due to high pressure by means of neutron reflectometry in conjunction with the result obtained through cross‐sectional imaging by frequency‐modulation atomic force microscopy. In addition, the nanotribological study using atomic force microscopy with a colloidal probe showed that the coefficient of friction in the pre‐scratched area was lower than that in the non‐scratched area and that the reduction ratio for lubricant with additive was higher than that for lubricant without additive. This result indicates that growth of the adsorbed additive layer contributed more greatly to a reduction in the coefficient of friction

Binary Formation in Star-Forming Clouds with Various Metallicities

Cloud evolution for various metallicities is investigated by three-dimensional nested grid simulations, in which the initial ratio of rotational to gravitational energy of the host cloud \beta_0 (=10^-1 - 10^-6) and cloud metallicity Z (=0 - Z_\odot) are parameters. Starting from a central number density of n = 10^4 cm^-3, cloud evolution for 48 models is calculated until the protostar is formed (n \simeq 10^23 cm^-3) or fragmentation occurs. The fragmentation condition depends both on the initial rotational energy and cloud metallicity. Cloud rotation promotes fragmentation, while fragmentation tends to be suppressed in clouds with higher metallicity. Fragmentation occurs when \beta_0 > 10^-3 in clouds with solar metallicity, while fragmentation occurs when \beta_0 > 10^-5 in the primordial gas cloud. Clouds with lower metallicity have larger probability of fragmentation, which indicates that the binary frequency is a decreasing function of cloud metallicity. Thus, the binary frequency at the early universe (or lower metallicity environment) is higher than at present day (or higher metallicity environment). In addition, binary stars born from low-metallicity clouds have shorter orbital periods than those from high-metallicity clouds. These trends are explained in terms of the thermal history of the collapsing cloud.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, Submitted to ApJL, For high resolution figures see http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~machida/binary-metal.pd

Traceless synthesis of protein thioesters using enzyme-mediated hydrazinolysis and subsequent self-editing of cysteinyl prolyl sequence

A traceless thioester-producing protocol featuring carboxypeptidase Y-mediated hydrazinolysis of cysteinyl prolyl leucine-tagged peptides has been developed. The hydrazinolysis followed by thioesterification affords cysteinyl prolyl thioesters. Self-editing of the tag and subsequent trans-thioesterification yields peptide thioesters. The developed protocol was successfully applied to conversion of recombinant proteins to thioesters