Relationship between NOV and adipose tissue.

<p>A/Time-dependent changes in plasma NOV in 15 morbidly obese women before (0) Roux-en-Y bypass (RYGB) and 3 and 6 months after surgery (*p<0.05 and **p<0.01, 3 and 6 <i>vs.</i> 0). B/Immunohistochemistry performed in the subcutaneous (1 and 2) and omental (3–8) adipose tissue of a single obese patient. The image is representative of what was observed in 3 obese subjects. The arrows indicate positive NOV staining in adipocytes (1 and 3) and macrophages (2 and 4). In serial sections corresponding to 3 and 4, respectively, the arrows indicate CD68 staining, negative in 5 and positive in 6, and the perilipin staining, positive in 7 and negative in 8. Bar  = 50 µm. C and D/NOV mRNA and protein levels in human macrophages (M) and adipocytes (A) primary cultures (AU: arbitrary units). The NOV protein concentration in 24 h-conditioned-medium was normalized for each type of cells to total RNA content. E/NOV mRNA levels were quantified by RT-qPCR in visceral adipose tissue from mice fed with a standard diet (SD) and a high fat diet (HFD) (n = 7–10/group). (AU: arbitrary units); ** P<0.01.</p

Pearson's correlation and partial correlation coefficients with plasma NOV concentrations in the study population.

<p>Results are given for the overall population and for the subgroup of subjects not taking lipid-lowering medications. BMI, body mass index; BG, blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides, CRP, C-reactive protein.</p>**<p>p<0.0001 and *p<0.05.</p

Clinical and biological characteristics of the study population.

<p>BMI, body mass index; BG, blood glucose; CRP, C-reactive protein; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; apo, apolipoprotein.</p>*<p>p<0.05 <i>versus</i> men.</p

Up-regulation of ABCA1 inhibits HCV cell entry.

<p>The effect of GW3965 on the HCV cell cycle was analysed by adding the drug at different time points. A flow-chart is depicted in the upper panel of the graph. RNA in Huh7.5 cells infected in the presence of DMSO is shown in (a); that in cells pre-treated for 24 h with 1 µM GW3965 and infected in the presence of the drug are shown in (b), (c) and (d); results for cells treated with GW3965 during virus inoculation without pre-treatment are shown in (e); those of assays where the drug was added at 2 h, 4 h, or 6 h post-infection are presented in (f), (g) and (h) respectively. For each experiment cells were incubated for the indicated time period after infection (IV). The efficiency of infection was expressed as intracellular HCV RNA measured by qRT-PCR as a per cent of the control (a).</p

GW3695 treatment modulates expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

<p>Huh7.5 cells were treated with 1 µM GW3695. Total RNA was extracted from cells and the mRNA levels corresponding to several genes regulating lipoprotein metabolism: ABCA1, ABCG1, nuclear LXRα and LXRβ receptors, a sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), CD36 and ApoA1 were determined by qRT-PCR. The results were normalized to housekeeping genes and compared to the levels of corresponding mRNAs in solvent-treated cells.</p

Analysis of HCV particles secreted from cells that over-express ABCA1.

<p>Physical properties of the nascent virus particles produced in cells stimulated or not with GW3965 were analysed by centrifugation in iodixanol gradient. Huh7.5 cells were pre-incubated with solvent (panel A) or 1 µM GW3965 (panel B) and the drug was maintained until 72 h post-infection when cell supernatants were collected, concentrated and subjected to gradient centrifugation. HCV RNA in gradient fractions was quantified by qRT-PCR and core antigen, ApoB and ApoE by ELISA assays.</p

Over-expression of ABCA1 inhibits HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes and human liver slices.

<p>(A–B) Inhibition of HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes. (A) Primary human hepatocytes were treated with 2–10 μM GW3965 (non-toxic concentrations for cells) or with drug solvent, prior to HCV infection. Twenty-four hours post-infection, ABCA1 mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR and expressed in arbitrary units, taking into account ABCA1 levels in liver cells pre-treated with the drug. (B) GW3965-treated and solvent-treated primary human hepatocytes were inoculated with HCV. After 24 h, intracellular HCV RNA was quantified by qRT-qPCR. The efficiency of infection in drug pre-treated cells was expressed as the percentage of infection compared to solvent-treated cells. (C–D) ABCA1 over-expression inhibits HCV infection of human liver slices. Human liver slices were cultured for 24 h, treated with 5 or 10 μM GW3965 or with DMSO before infection with HCVcc. At 24 h post-infection, total RNA was extracted and ABCA1 mRNA (C) and HCV RNA (D) were quantified by corresponding qRT-PCR assays and expressed as the percentage of RNA compared to the values obtained for solvent-treated cells.</p

GW3965 treatment up-regulates ABCA1 expression and its cholesterol efflux function.

<p>(A) Cell toxicity of GW3965. Huh7.5 cells were cultured in the presence of indicated concentrations of the drug for 24 h. The luminescent signal is expressed in luminescence units (RLU). (B) Up-regulation of ABCA1 mRNA expression by GW3695 treatment. Huh7.5 cells were treated for 24 h with 1 µM GW3695 or drug solvent (DMSO). Then ABCA1 mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR. (C) ABCA1 protein production in drug-stimulated Huh7.5 cells. Cells were treated for 24 h with 1 µM GW3965 and analysed by Western blot (shown in the insert). Protein content in the ABCA1 band (220 kDA) in GW3965-(GW), and DMSO-(solv) treated cells was quantified relative to the calnexin band using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging System. (D) GW3965 stimulation promotes ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to ApoA1. Huh7.5 cells were labelled with [³H] cholesterol then incubated with GW3965 or drug solvent. ABCA1-dependent [³H] cholesterol efflux was assayed by comparing cell-associated and free radioactivity. (E) Kinetics of ABCA1 gene expression following stimulation of cells with GW3965. Huh7.5 cells were treated with 1 µM GW3965 for the indicated time and ABCA1 mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR. Results were expressed as relative values compared to ABCA1 expression in cells treated with drug solvent. (F) Kinetics of cholesterol efflux in cells stimulated with GW3965. Huh7.5 cells were labelled with [³H] cholesterol for 24 h, and incubated for an additional 16 h with 1 μM GW3965 or drug solvent. ABCA1-dependent [³H] cholesterol efflux was assayed in the presence of ApoA1 and either GW3965 or solvent for the indicated period of time.</p

Stimulation of ABCA1 inhibits HCV infection.

<p>(A) Reduction of intracellular HCV RNA levels in cells that over-express ABCA1. Huh7.5 cells were pre-treated with 1 µM GW3965 then infected with HCV. Cells were grown for a further 24 h, total RNA was extracted and intracellular HCV RNA was determined by qRT-PCR. Results are expressed as the percentage of HCV RNA relative to that in cells treated with drug solvent prior to infection. (B) Decrease of HCV RNA levels in the supernatant collected from drug-stimulated cells. Huh7.5 cells were pre-treated with 1 µM GW3965 then infected with HCV. After a further 72 h, HCV-RNA in the culture medium was determined by qRT-PCR. Results are expressed as the percentage of HCV RNA secreted from drug-treated cells compared to solvent-treated cells. (C) Effect of GW3965 treatment on long-term HCV infection. Huh 7.5 cells were pre-treated with 1 µM GW3965, infected with HCV and grown for up to 7 days in the presence of the drug. ABCA1 mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR every 24 h and results are expressed as a fold-increase of ABCA1 mRNA compared to solvent-treated cells (grey bars). HCV RNA in the cell supernatant was measured at the same time points by qRT-PCR (line curves for GW3965 treated [filled triangles] or control [filled squares] cells) and is expressed in International Units (IU).</p