Perspectivas do trabalho feminino na pesca artesanal: particularidades da comunidade Ilha do Beto, Sergipe, Brasil

Resumo A participação feminina na atividade pesqueira representa uma alternativa de subsistência, fonte de trabalho e renda para inúmeras famílias em todo o país. Todavia, a atuação da mulher neste universo ocorre, com algumas exceções, num contexto de invisibilidade e desvalorização do seu trabalho, entendido, muitas vezes, como extensão das tarefas domésticas, e não como pesca propriamente. Contrariando este contexto, destaca-se um grupo de pescadoras da comunidade Ilha do Beto, localizada no município de Itaporanga D’Ajuda, Sergipe, Brasil. O presente trabalho é um estudo de caso e tem por finalidade revelar as distintas atribuições dessas mulheres e as características de sua atuação na pesca artesanal. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se na abordagem qualitativa. Foram também adicionados à estrutura metodológica pressupostos da história oral e aspectos da abordagem etnográfica. A elaboração deste estudo permitiu apreender que o papel desempenhado por essas pescadoras na aludida comunidade assume uma conotação diferenciada, uma vez que a importância do seu trabalho é reconhecida e assumida por elas. Ademais, foram observadas outras surpreendentes características peculiares ao grupo, tais como dependência masculina em relação à mulher para realização da atividade pesqueira; inexistência de atribuições ocupacionais distintas entre os gêneros, constatadas a partir da presença da mulher nas embarcações, desempenhando funções também no mar, entre outras

A randomized trial of planned cesarean or vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy

Background: Twin birth is associated with a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than singleton birth. It is unclear whether planned cesarean section results in a lower risk of adverse outcomes than planned vaginal delivery in twin pregnancy.\ud \ud Methods: We randomly assigned women between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days of gestation with twin pregnancy and with the first twin in the cephalic presentation to planned cesarean section or planned vaginal delivery with cesarean only if indicated. Elective delivery was planned between 37 weeks 5 days and 38 weeks 6 days of gestation. The primary outcome was a composite of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal morbidity, with the fetus or infant as the unit of analysis for the statistical comparison.\ud \ud Results: A total of 1398 women (2795 fetuses) were randomly assigned to planned cesarean delivery and 1406 women (2812 fetuses) to planned vaginal delivery. The rate of cesarean delivery was 90.7% in the planned-cesarean-delivery group and 43.8% in the planned-vaginal-delivery group. Women in the planned-cesarean-delivery group delivered earlier than did those in the planned-vaginal-delivery group (mean number of days from randomization to delivery, 12.4 vs. 13.3; P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the composite primary outcome between the planned-cesarean-delivery group and the planned-vaginal-delivery group (2.2% and 1.9%, respectively; odds ratio with planned cesarean delivery, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 1.74; P = 0.49).\ud \ud Conclusion: In twin pregnancy between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days of gestation, with the first twin in the cephalic presentation, planned cesarean delivery did not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal morbidity, as compared with planned vaginal delivery

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2007

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field