Measles virus-specific CD4 T-cell activity does not correlate with protection against lung infection or viral clearance.

Acute measles in children can be prevented by immunization with the live attenuated measles vaccine virus. Although immunization is able to induce CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies, only the latter have been correlated with protective immunity. CD8 T cells, however, have been documented to be important in viral clearance in the respiratory tract, whereas CD4 T cells have been shown to be protective in a mouse encephalitis model. In order to investigate the CD4 T-cell response in infection of the respiratory tract, we have defined a T-cell epitope in the hemagglutinin (H) protein for immunization and developed a monoclonal antibody for depletion of CD4 T cells in the cotton rat model. Although the kinetics of CD4 T-cell development correlated with clearance of virus, the depletion of CD4 T cells during the primary infection did not influence viral titers in lung tissue. Immunization with the H epitope induced a CD4 T-cell response but did not protect against infection. Immunization in the presence of maternal antibodies resulted in the development of a CD4 T-cell response which (in the absence of neutralizing antibodies) did not protect against infection. In summary, CD4 T cells do not seem to protect against infection after immunization and do not participate in clearance of virus infection from lung tissue during measles virus infection. We speculate that the major role of CD4 T cells is to control and clear virus infection from other affected organs like the brain

Role of AKT Kinase in Measles Virus Replication▿

Many RNA and DNA viruses activate serine-threonine kinase AKT to increase virus replication. In contrast, measles virus (MV) infection leads to downregulation of AKT. This is thought to be beneficial for the virus because it correlates with immune suppression. To determine whether this is a sacrifice for the virus, we used a recombinant virus and transfected cells expressing constitutively active AKT and evaluated its effect on virus replication. In vitro, overexpression of AKT did not influence virus replication but did affect (cell-type dependent) virus release. In vivo, the recombinant virus did not abrogate inhibition of proliferation of spleen cells from MV-infected cotton rats

Cytokine Imbalance after Measles Virus Infection Has No Correlation with Immune Suppression▿

Measles virus infection leads to immune suppression. A potential mechanism is the reduction of interleukin 12 (IL-12) secretion during acute measles, resulting in a TH2 response. Studies in humans have reported conflicting results, detecting either a TH2 or a TH1 response. We have investigated the correlation between a TH2 response and immune suppression in specific-pathogen-free inbred cotton rats which were infected with measles vaccine and wild-type viruses. After infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with wild-type virus, IL-12 secretion was reduced in contrast to the level for vaccine virus infection. In bronchoalveolar lavage cells, IL-12 secretion was suppressed after infection with both wild-type and vaccine virus on days 2, 4, and 6 and was detectable on days 8 and 10. After stimulation of mediastinal lymph node and spleen cells with UV-inactivated measles virus at various time points after infection, gamma interferon but no IL-4 was found. After stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate-ionomycin, high gamma interferon and low IL-4 levels were detected. To investigate whether the secretion of IL-4 contributes to immune suppression, a recombinant vaccine virus was created which secretes cotton rat IL-4. After infection with this recombinant virus, IL-4 secretion was enhanced. However, neither inhibition of concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells nor keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific proliferation of spleen cells was altered after infection with the recombinant virus in comparison to the levels with the parental virus. Our data indicate that measles virus infection leads to a decrease in IL-12 secretion and an increase in IL-4 secretion, but this does not seem to correlate with immune suppression

Additional file 7: Figure S6. of The beagle dog MicroRNA tissue atlas: identifying translatable biomarkers of organ toxicity

Top 20 expressed kidney miRNA. Top 20 expressed kidney miRNA found in the dog miRNA tissue atlas compared to previously published miRNA expression data from macro-dissection studies of the cortex and medulla of the cat and dog (Ichii et al). Shaded boxes indicate that the dog miRNA was among the top 10 expressed kidney miRNAs in the dog atlas; bolded miRNAs indicate that the miRNA was among the top 20. Comparison between dog whole kidney (dog altas) and data from dog cortex and medulla (Ichii et al) show good correlation with 7/10 miRNAs and 8/10 miRNAs expressed in the top 10 miRNAs, respectively, when compared to kidney expression observed in the dog atlas. Similarly, a comparison of dog whole kidney data (dog atlas) to cat cortex and medulla (Ichii et al) show good correlation as well with 7/10 and 6/10 miRNAs expressed in the top 10 miRNAs, respectively, when compared to dog whole kidney data (dog atlas). (PDF 41 kb

Arisaema sinanense Nakai

原著和名: カルヰザハテンナンシャウ科名: サトイモ科 = Araceae採集地: 長野県 北佐久郡 軽井沢町 追分 (信濃 北佐久郡 軽井沢町 追分)採集日: 1990/6/24採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH006288国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-95628