Sulfolane concentration over time in aerobic microcosm incubations.

<p>(A) Sulfolane biodegradation is nutrient limited in high concentration sediment slurry microcosms. (B) Sulfolane biodegradation is not nutrient limited in low concentration sediment slurry microcosms. (C)Hydrocarbon co-contamination retards the rate of sulfolane biodegradation in sediment slurry microcosms. (D) Nutrient amendment is necessary to stimulate sulfolane biodegradation in groundwater only microcosms. Live slurries contained an active microbial community and sulfolane. Sterile controls were heat-killed. (N) indicates amendment with a dilute mineral nutrient solution. (H) indicates treatments amended with hydrocarbons. (O) indicates treatments amended with a complex organic nutrient solution. Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean.</p

Appendix G. Linear discriminant analysis using 13C variations among six essential amino acids of the present study and those of Scott et al. (2006).

Linear discriminant analysis using 13C variations among six essential amino acids of the present study and those of Scott et al. (2006)

GC-MS total ion chromatograms.

<p>Open top mesocosm incubations contained an initial loading of 2.5 ppm ANS crude oil without and with Corexit 9500 (1∶15 DOR), and no added nutrients. Chromatograms show the pattern of biodegradation after 10 days, 28 days and 63 days.</p

Appendix B. The δ13C values of amino acids from fungi, bacteria, and plants.

The δ13C values of amino acids from fungi, bacteria, and plants

Percent mineralization at −1°C.

<p>Sealed respirometer experiments contained Corexit 9500 (50 ppm) alone or 20% weathered ANS crude (15 ppm) with and without Corexit 9500 (1∶20 DOR). All treatments contained seawater and 16 ppm of Bushnell Haas.</p

Appendix F. The δ13C values of individual nonessential amino acids for each taxon relative to their respective means.

The δ13C values of individual nonessential amino acids for each taxon relative to their respective means

Appendix C. Summary of linear discriminant analysis of 13C variation among seven and three essential amino acids.

Summary of linear discriminant analysis of 13C variation among seven and three essential amino acids

Appendix D. Results of ANOVA with factors affecting amino acid δ13C values.

Results of ANOVA with factors affecting amino acid δ13C values

Percent loss of weathered oil after 56 days without nutrient addition at −1°C.

<p>Open top mesocosms contained an initial concentration of 2.5 ppm of 20% weathered oil with and without the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 at a 1∶20 DOR. Standard errors are displayed. Results are normalized to hopane. *Denotes a significant difference between treatments with and without Corexit 9500 (p<0.05).</p

Percent loss of fresh oil after 63 days without nutrient addition at −1°C.

<p>Open top mesocosms contained an initial concentration of 2.5 ppm of fresh oil with and without the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 at a 1:15 DOR. Standard errors are displayed. Results are normalized to hopane. No significant differences (p<0.05) were observed.</p