Phenotypic identification of monocytes and monocyte subsets.

<p>Whole blood monocytes were identified by a forward scatter and side scatter plot (A). Lymphocytes (a), monocytes (b) and the granulocytes (c) are shown. The three monocyte subsets were identified from the monocyte population (b) by CD14 and CD16 expression (B). Classical monocytes (d-CD14⁺⁺/CD16^-), intermediate monocytes (e-CD14⁺⁺/CD16⁺) and non-classical monocytes (f-CD14⁺/CD16⁺) were gated for further analysis of activation markers. For example figures C, D and E show CD163 expression from d, e and f respectively.</p

sCD14 levels are significantly elevated in HIV patients irrespective of HIV viral load status (A).

<p>In contrast sCD163 levels are only elevated in viremic HIV patients (B) and a similar relationship is seen with CXCL10 levels (C). (Data presented as mean values and 95% confidence intervals; p-values are derived from log transformed data and ANOVA tests were adjusted for multiple comparisons).</p

The median cell surface expression and 95% confidence intervals are shown for CD64 (A), CD163 (B) and CD143 (C) on monocyte subsets in HIV and control subjects.

<p>Expression on classical monocytes is significantly different between HIV and control groups for CD64 (p<0.001) but not for CD163 or CD143. Expression of all cell surface markers on CD16⁺ monocytes, however, are significantly different between the HIV infected and control groups (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001).</p

HIV viral load status has different influences on monocyte cell surface expression.

<p>Expression of CD64 on intermediate (A) and non-classical (B) monocytes, CD143 on intermediate (C) and non-classical (D) monocytes, and CD163 on intermediate (E) and non-classical (F) monocytes are shown below. (Data presented as mean values and 95% confidence intervals; p-values derived from Kruskal-Wallis tests).</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected and healthy control subjects.

<p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected and healthy control subjects.</p