Awareness of the Existence of Leishmaniasis as Protozoan Zoonosis in Indonesia

Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, neglected and poorly reported disease, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, genus Leishmania, transmitted through several vector species including the sand fly (gnat) genus Phlebotomus. This disease has complex ecology and epidemiology. This paper presents about Leishmaniasis disease from epidemiological aspects and risk factors; parasites, vectors and reservoirs; diseases transmission and control. Leishmania spp. is an obligate intramacrophage protozoan, characterized by its kinetoplast, a unique form of mitochondrial DNA. Clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on interactions between the characteristics of Leishmania species and the human host immune response, resulting in a diseases spectrum ranging from local lesions on the skin to diffuse involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. There are four forms of Leishmaniasis in humans with various clinical manifestations, namely visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (KA), Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Diffuse Cutaneous Leshmaniasis (DCL). Leishmaniasis caused by Leismania infantum is the most dangerous disease, but is never found in Indonesia. Leishmaniasis needs to be aware in Indonesia as tropical country that is suitable for the habitat of sand flies (Phlebotomus). The best method for controlling this disease is effective vector control and reduced contact between humans and vectors

Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the morbidity due to this disease in poultry reaches up to 90%. The clinical symptoms of coccidiosis vary depending on the age of poultry and the species of Eimeria. If coccidiostat is not properly used in control and eradication program, it will cause resistance and residue in meat and egg. This paper aims to describe the optimal control of coccidiosis without chemical substances by using natural herbs. Resistance cases to Eimeria sp. cause the anti-coccidia ineffective therefore a safe and effective coccidiostat is needed. Currently, coccidiosis control using natural medicines from herbs was reported to be effective, safe, free of side effects and cheaper. An integrated coccidiosis control program can be applied along with biosecurity, vaccination, prebiotics and coccidiostat from herbs. Control of coccidiosis in chickens with herbal medicines can increase immunity, appetite and reduce stress so that it can suppress Eimeria sp. infestation

Kontaminasi Fluorokuinolon pada Pakan Ayam Pedaging yang Dikoleksi dari Propinsi Jawa Timur dan Lampung

Kontaminasi fluorokuinolon pada pakan ayam menimbulkan residu pada produk yang dihasilkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis enrofloksasin dan siprofloksasin pada 45 sampel pakan ayam pedaging yang terdiri atas 21 sampel dari kabupaten Malang dan 9 sampel dari Kabupaten Blitar (Propinsi Jawa Timur) serta 9 sampel dari kabupaten Lampung Tengah dan 16 sampel dari Kabupaten Lampung Timur (Propinsi Lampung). Pakan ayam diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut 0,25% asam format dan dimurnikan dengan Strata-X cartridge, kemudian dielusi dengan 0.1% asam format dalam asetonitril. Sampel dianalisis secara kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) menggunakan kolom C18 dengan fasa gerak campuran 0.2 M asam trikloroasetat (TCA)-metanol-asetonitril (74:4:22) dan dideteksi menggunakan detektor photo diode array (PDA) pada panjang gelombang 278 nm. Hasil pengujian secara KCKT memperlihatkan bahwa 11 sampel (24,44%) terdeteksi siprofloksasin dengan kisaran konsentrasi 2,25-20,42 mg/kg dan 4 (8,88%) sampel terdeteksi enrofloksasin dengan kisaran konsentrasi 0,12-3,16 mg/kg. Keberadaan fluorokuinolon pada pakan kemungkinan karena senyawa tersebut ditambahkan sebagai medicated feed atau bersumber dari bahan baku pakan yang tercemar senyawa tersebut. Oleh karenanya, diperlukan penelitian untuk melihat korelasinya terhadap residu yang terbentuk pada produk hewani

Prevalensi Infeksi Virus Newcastle Diseases pada Unggas Air (Itik, Entok dan Angsa) di Jawa, Indonesia

Newcastle disease (ND) disebabkan oleh virus Paramyxovirus yang termasuk dalam famili Paramyxoviridae. Virus ini menyebabkan gangguan pernafasan pada unggas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi ND pada unggas air. Sebanyak 2.866 sampel unggas air (anseriformes), yang terdiri atas 93,16% itik, 6,69% entok dan 0,14% angsa digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Setiap sampel unggas air diuji hemaglutinasi inhibisi (HI) untuk mendeteksi titer antibodi ND. Rata-rata titer antibodi ND dari masing-masing spesies dinyatakan dalam log 2. Hasil uji HI dalam studi ini memperlihatkan positif antibodi virus ND pada itik 24,90%; entok 11,45% dan angsa 25%. Rata-rata titer antibodi virus ND pada itik, entok dan angsa adalah 4,19 log 2; 4,56 log 2; dan 5 log 2 secara berurutan. Hasil kajian ini disimpulkan bahwa, prevalensi antibodi ND pada unggas air (itik, entok dan angsa) sebesar 23,97% pada tahun 2013 dari tiga provinsi di Pulau Jawa

Cross-Reaction of Duck and Chicken Sera Against Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 Antigens by Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

This study aims to determine the cross-reaction between the antigen of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 virus clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in duck and chicken sera, which were vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 vaccine against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 antigen and those vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccine against H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen. The sera tested were obtained from postvaccination and control (unvaccinated) chickens and ducks in the laboratory condition, and from AI H5N1 postvaccination ducks in the field condition. HI test was conducted by using AI H5N1 clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 antigens. The results of HI titer were analyzed by the geometric means and by ANOVA. The results show that cross-reactions in both chicken and duck sera after AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccination tested with AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen occurred with low antibody titers, whereas in chicken and duck sera postvaccination with avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.1.3 showed cross-reaction with high antibody titer against clade 2.3.2 antigen. The conclusion of this study, postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 provide better cross-reaction compared to the postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2

Cross-sectional survey on environmental pollution surrounding poultry production cluster area

This study was carried out to determine the environmental pollution surrounding poultry production cluster (PPC). A cross-sectional survey on environmental pollution surrounding PPC was conducted in the districts of Subang and Ciamis, West Java Province, Indonesia. Information of farmers aspiration on environmental pollution and sanitation issues related to the existence of PPC was collected by semi-structured questionnaires. Ammonia gas (NH3) in feces was tested qualitatively, and ground water was analyzed for Coliform and Salmonella sp. contamination. The result showed that dust and ammonia gases from feces (Subang 300-450 ppm, Ciamis 25-525 ppm) pollute the environment and caused an unpleasant odor surrounding the pens. Fly population was increasing during the harvest time of chickens,causing community daily lives were not comfortable. Water quality surrounding PPC indicated that Salmonella sp. contamination was negligible however most samples from Subang and Ciamis were contaminated with coliform bacteria (<3 MPN/ml–27 MPN/ml). Improvement on management policy to reduce the environmental pollution is thus still needed to develop surrounding the PPC areas

Reaksi Silang Serum Unggas terhadap Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 dengan Uji Hemaglutinasi Inhibisi

Virus Avian Influenza (H5N1) telah ada di Indonesia dan terdeteksi sebagai clade 2.1.3 pada tahun 2003, kemudian pada tahun 2012 terdeteksi H5N1 clade 2.3.2. Clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 mempunyai tingkat homologi yang rendah pada genetik nukleotida maupun asam amino. Studi ini bertujuan menentukan reaksi silang antara antigen (virus) avian influenza (AI) H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 di dalam serum unggas (ayam dan itik) yang mendapat vaksinasi vaksin inaktif AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 terhadap antigen AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 dan yang mendapat vaksinasi vaksin inaktif  AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 terhadap antigen H5N1 clade 2.1.3. Serum uji diperoleh dari serum ayam dan itik coba pasca vaksinasi dan kontrol (tidak divaksinasi) pada kondisi laboratorium dan serum itik lapang pasca-vaksinasi AI H5N1. Uji HI dilakukan dengan menggunakan antigen AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan clade 2.3.2. Hasil dianalisis menggunakan geometric means dan uji ANOVA. Hasil uji HI menunjukkan reaksi silang baik serum ayam maupun itik pasca vaksinasi AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 dengan antigen clade 2.1.3 terjadi dengan titer antibodi rendah, sedangkan serum ayam maupun serum itik pasca vaksinasi avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.1.3 menunjukkan reaksi silang dengan titer antibodi tinggi terhadap antigen clade 2.3.2. Simpulan dari studi ini, serum pasca-vaksinasi vaksin AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 memberikan reaksi silang lebih baik, bila dibandingkan dengan serum pasca vaksinasi  AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2

Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease

Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent and control the disease. This phenomenon appears maybe because fasciolosis is a chronic disease without any significant clinical signs and quite difficult to be detected . Thus, it is very important to improve the public awareness on fasciolosis both in ruminants and its possibility in human being . The endemic areas can be defined by epidemiological surveillance using accurate early diagnostic test, so that strategic and sustainable fasciolosis control in the endemic areas could be implemented . This program will be succeeded if there is strong integrated collaboration among the farmers, the extension agents, the researchers and the decision makers in the related departments . Key words : Fasciolosis, zoonosis, public awarenes